베네수엘라의 ‘21세기 사회주의 기획’에 대한 내재적 비판

국문 초록 (Abstract)

베네수엘라 위기의 심층적 이해에 도달하기 위해서는 ‘국제적 잉여가치 이전 메커니즘’과 베네수엘라의 특수한 지대 자본주의 사회구성체 간의 내적 연관, 이 특수한 구성체의 피규정자이자 작용인인 사회적 계급관계와 그 동학에 천착할 필요가 있다. 2002-05년의 지난한 정치적 고투를 거쳐 국영석유회사 통제권을 확고히 장악한 차베스는 바로 저 지대 자본주의의 제한적 기회구조 안에서 반전의 가능성을 엿보았다. 1920년대 이래 자본주의적 근대화의 기표로 활용되던 ‘석유 파종’ 전략을 새로운 맥락에 기입해 사회주의 이행의 지렛대로 변형하려 한 것은 그 연장이다. 그러나 이행을 보증할 구체적 과제의 실현은 볼리바르 혁명의 사회주의적 ‘변질’을 우려한 ‘내생적 우파-관료-볼리부르게시아’ 동맹의 교묘한 사보타주, 국제적·국내적 계급전쟁에 가로막혀 번번이 지체되어 왔다. 결국 결정적 ‘문턱’을 넘지 못한 사회주의 기획은 내적 모순의 격화를 피할 수 없었다. 벼랑에 선 21세기 사회주의 기획이 현재의 난맥상을 극복하고 새로운 연속혁명의 주기를 열기 위해서는 ‘아래로부터’ 솟아나 부단히 차이를 갱신해 나가는 ‘혁명 안의 혁명’을 되살려 내는 수밖에 없다. 그 과제는 당과 사회운동 간의 위계적 분업 관계 청산, 공통의 부를 회복할 행정/관리의 재전유, 코뮌국가 기획의 비국가화, 석유 의존도 완화, 반신자유주의 역내 통합 운동의 재활성화로 집약된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

For us to understand the essential aspects of the Venezuela crisis, we should give attention to the connection between the mechanism of international surplus value transfer and the particular venezuelan social structure, to the class relation of Venezuela, and to the dynamics of them. Chavez discovered the possibility of reversal in the very limited opportunity structure of Venezuela’s rentier capitalism and thus attempted to transform the traditional oil sowing strategy to the lever of transition to the twenty-first century socialism. But most of his programs for securing transition to the socialism were delayed because of the insidious sabotage by ‘endogenous right-bureaucrat-boliburguesía’ alliance worrying about the radicalization of the Bolivarian Revolution and because of the class wars triggered by international and domestic bourgeoisie who interrupted the advance of socialist project. Thus the internal contradiction of twenty-first socialist project was intensified. In this situation it seems that ‘revolutions in revolution,’ which arise ‘from below’ and constantly renovate the differences among them, are essential for the opening of new permanent revolutionary cycle. I think its urgent tasks are the abolition of hierarchical specialization between PSUV and social movements, re-appropriation of the administration as a process of regaining the common wealth, de-statization of the communal state project, reduction in petroleum dependency, and lastly reactivation of movement for anti-neoliberal regional integration.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 국문초록
• Ⅰ. 시작하며
• Ⅱ. 베네수엘라 위기를 둘러싼 기존 논의의 검토
• Ⅲ. 21세기 사회주의의 위기 과정 분석
• Ⅳ. 남은 설명들
• Ⅴ. 마치며 - ‘21세기 사회주의 기획’의 전망과 과제
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

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