邊境의 불안정성과 明 洪武帝가 大越을 대하는 태도 = The Frontier instability and the Emperor Hongwu, and Dai viet

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article aims to show that the relationship between Ming China and Dai Viet at the end of the 14th century was affected by the instability of the southwest frontier and the north frontier. Previous studies have attributed the stability of relations with Dai Viet during the reign of Emperor Hongmu to the emperor's indifference to the country. They also suggest that his formulation of the principle of not going to war with his fifteen neighbors had a significant impact on relations with the Dai Viet.
However, Emperor Hongmu was not indifferent to the political upheaval in Dai Viet. He also kept a close eye on political fluctuations in Dai Viet, such as usurpations, and used them to his advantage in the Ming dynasty. In other words, it was necessary for Dai Viet to maintain relations with the Ming China for political reasons, and the Ming China capitalized on this.
The Ming China's treatment of the Dai Viet, while ostensibly benevolent, was actually a military threat. In other words, the Ming China practiced a ‘Diplomacy with power’ based on military power rather than relying on authority based on culture or ritual. During the reign of Emperor Hongmu, the Ming ruled the southwestern frontier region through alliances with local chiefs. However, the alliance was not solid. As a result, Emperor Hongmu was unable to go to war with a country that he had a conflict with. In addition, Emperor Hongmu believed that the Mongols would soon attack the Ming with a large army. For this reason, he could not go to war with the Dai Viet. Thus, by the end of the Hongmu Emperor's reign, the Ming borderlands were unstable, and this affected the relationship between the Ming and the Dai Viet.