카니발을 통해 본 브라질의 문화정체성 = The Cultural Identity of Brazil through Carnival

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 포르투갈의 사육제에서 이식된 브라질의 카니발이 어떻게 브라질문화의 상징이 되었는지를 역사적 변천과정을 3가지로 나누어 다루었다. 제일 처음 거행된 사육제는 19세기 중반까지 포르투갈인들이 들어와 형성한 마을이라면 어느 곳에서든지 행해졌던 것이고, 그 다음 유럽의 구 세계 도시들로부터 직접 리우에 소개된 가면무도회나 아름답게 장식된 수레들의 행렬(코르소)은 자기들의 부를 자랑할 수 있는 경제력이 있는 중·상류층을 위한 것이었다. 하지만 노예해방으로 자유를 얻은 흑인 출신의 억압된 도시의 가난한 하층계급은 1910년 자기들의 삼바학교를 만들어, 1930년대에는 모든 사회계층으로 인정받기 시작했으며, 그리고 1950년대에는 브라질을 대표하는 국가의 상징으로 성장하게 되었다. 이것은 300년의 식민 통치기간동안 멸시받아왔던 비 백인적인 요소, 즉 아프리카에 기원을 둔 삼바리듬과 춤을 바탕으로 한 하충민들의 문화가 승리한 것을 의미한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Brazilian national symbol: Carnival. This article tries to show the process of development of Brazilian Carnival`s history, of which origin was Portugal`s old Entrudo. In large, this Brazilian unique phenomenon can be classified in three different forms in different periods along the 5 centuries. But it was always celebrated during the four Fat Days before Ash Wednesday. Firstly it appeared in the early 17th century within the neighborhood in whatever villages where the Portuguese lived, and lasted until hi the middle of 19th century. However, in Rio de Janeiro, a new kind of commemoration was introduced to right directly from the European cities like as Lisbon, Madrid, Paris and Rome. Those were the masked balls, a procession of the wagons which are decorated beautifully, that belonged to important Carnival Societies, parade of carriages, which were naturally substituted by cars later, with full of young people in rich costumes arid disguises, called as corso. These were only for the huh-level layer, who could afford to cover all the expenses to show off their economic power, competing with the rich Europeans. However the actual Carnival stemmed from the low-level layer, who were strictly prevented from dancing or parading in public places, even tightly watched by the police. Their own festive activities started to get the forces from the decade of 30`s with their Samba Schools, and from the 50`s, those activities finally became the main entertainments for all Brazilian classes, based originally on the African music and dance, Samba. In this reason, it can be said that the Brazilian Carnival was born through social revolution and finally low class had won the real triumph.