역경 극복을 돕는 성인 한국인의 긍정성 탐색： 긍정적 태도 척도 개발과 타당화 = Exploring the Components of Positivity among Adult Koreans： Development and Validation of a Positive Attitude Scale

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study explored the components of positivity that help adult Koreans maintain a positive attitude toward the self and the society. Taking multiple perspectives was conceptualized as a core characteristic of positivity that enables one to find meanings in and/or to create meanings for the self and the society in which one lives. Thus positive cognitive tendencies such as taking multiple perspectives were hypothesized to promote self-acceptance, self-belief, self-control, adaptation to and acceptance of the society. Based on these conceptualizations of individuals' positivity, preliminary scale items were constructed, and development and validation of a positive attitude scale was attempted, using 352 college students and 401 adults. As expected, results of exploratory factor analyses revealed 6 factors, which were named as multiple perspectives, self-acceptance, self-belief, self-control, social adaptation, and acceptance of society. Among these factors, however, self-belief factor was excluded because its items were found to be loaded with other factors as well, and because results of confirmatory factor analyses supported 5 factors model better than the other one. The final 5 factor scale was found to be reliable in terms of internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and to be significantly correlated with similar positive traits of the self as well as with psychosocial well-being variables in an expected direction, suggesting that the scale has good construct and predictive validity. As for incremental validity, positive attitude scale augmented prediction of positive emotion and stress-related reactions beyond a self-esteem measure. Finally, implications and limitations of this study were discussed, and future directions for this line of research were suggested.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 역경에서나 일상생활에서 도움이 되는 성인 한국인의 긍정성을 탐색하고 그 구성개념에 따라 긍정적 태도 척도를 개발하여 타당화 작업을 시도하였다. 본 연구에서는 개인의 긍정성을 자신과 자기가 속한 사회를 다각도로 살펴 긍정적 측면에 주목하고 의미를 부여하는 인식성향과 그에 따른 긍정적 태도로 규정하였다. 한국인의 긍정성은 긍정적 관점, 자기긍정성, 사회긍정성으로 구분될 수 있고, 구체적으로 긍정적 시각을 촉진하는 관점의 다각화, 자기수용, 자기소신, 자기조절, 사회적응, 사회수용과 같은 특성을 보일 것으로 가정하였다. 이론추출 방식과 경험적 연구결과를 토대로 척도문항들을 선정하였으며, 서울과 대구지역의 대학생 373명과 일반 성인 401명을 대상으로 요인분석을 실시한 결과 이론적 예측과 일관되게 6개 요인이 추출되었다. 하지만 이중 자기소신 요인은 해당 문항들에서 타 요인에 중복 부하된 것이 많이 있었고, 확인적 요인분석을 통해 5요인의 적합도가 6요인보다 우수하게 나타나 요인의 순수성과 척도의 간명성을 위해 제작과정에서 제외되었다. 최종적으로 긍정적 태도 척도는 긍정관점 요인 1개(다각화), 자기긍정성 요인 2개(자기수용, 자기조절), 사회긍정성 요인 2개(사회적응, 사회수용)로 구성되었다. 제작된 척도의 구성타당도, 내적합치도 및 구인, 예측, 증분 측면에서의 타당도는 적절하게 나타났다. 예측대로 이 척도는 자존감, 희망감 등의 긍정적인 자기특성 변수들과 유의미한 정적 상관을 보였고, 심리사회적 안녕 변수들과도 유의미한 상관을 나타냈으며, 긍정적 정서 및 스트레스 관련 변수들에 대한 자존감의 효과를 통제하고도 긍정적 태도의 설명력이 유의미하게 증가됨을 보여주었다. 끝으로 본 연구의 이론적, 임상적 의의와 제한점, 후속연구 방향을 제언하였다.

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