Decreased Docosahexaenoic Acid Levels in Serum of HIV Carrier Patients

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The study aimed to measure serum fatty acids (FAs) composition in HIV carrier patients and compare it with non-HIV carrier patients. The FAs composition was measured by gas chromatography as follows: four saturated FAs myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), and docosanoic acid (22:0); four monounsaturated FAs 7-hexadecenoic acid (16:1 n-9), palmitoleic acid (16:1 n-7), oleic acid (18:1 n-9), and vaccenic acid (18:1 n-7); and three polyunsaturated FAs linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3 n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3). We reported herein lower (P < .05) DHA concentration (by 40%) in the serum of HIV carrier patients than in non-HIV carrier patients. This FA has a pivotal role as a precursor of anti-inflammatory molecules with beneficial effects on metabolism, cardiovascular system, and immunological system. Even though most clinical studies reported beneficial effects of DHA supplementation in HIV carrier patients, this issue remains under debate. Further investigations then require to fully clarify the role of DHA in preventing or alleviating the comorbidities associated with HIV infection.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Wang C, "n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not a-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary-and secondary-prevention studies : A systematic review" 84 : 5-17, 2006

2 De Souza DC, "The effect of a short period of supplementation with glutamine dipeptide on the cognitive responses after a resistance training session of women with HIV/AIDS : A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study" 2018 : 8-, 2018

3 Broder S, "The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic" 85 : 1-18, 2010

4 World Health Organization (WHO), "Ten threats to global health in 2019"

5 Deeks SG, "Systemic effects of inflammation on health during chronic HIV infection" 39 : 633-645, 2013

6 Jain R, "Serum n-6 fatty acids are positively associated with growth in 6-to-10 year old ugandan children regardless of HIV status-a cross-sectional study" 11 : 1268-, 2019

7 Engler MM, "Role of dietary omega-3 fatty acids in hypertension" 4 : 1077-1085, 2017

8 Basavaraj K, "Quality of life in HIV/AIDS" 31 : 75-80, 2010

9 Pierre S, "Prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors among long-term AIDS survivors : A report from the field" 21 : 1558-1566, 2019

10 Be´gin ME, "Plasma fatty acid levels in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and in controls" 37 : 135-137, 1989

11 Nowak JZ, "Oxidative stress, polyunsaturated fatty acids-derived oxidation products and bisretinoids as potential inducers of CNS diseases : Focus on age-related macular degeneration" 65 : 288-304, 2013

12 Ivanov AV, "Oxidative stress during HIV infection : Mechanisms and consequences" 2016 : 18-, 2016

13 Natto ZS, "Omega-3fatty acids effects on inflammatory biomarkers and lipid profiles among diabetic and cardiovascular disease patients : A systematic review and meta-analysis" 9 : 18867-, 2019

14 Hileman CO, "Omega-3 fatty acids do not improve endothelial function in virologically suppressed HIV-infected men : A randomized placebo-controlled trial" 28 : 649-655, 2012

15 Calder PC, "Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes" 2 : 355-374, 2010

16 Metkus TS, "Omega-3 fatty acid therapy reduces triglycerides and interleukin-6 in hypertriglyeridemic HIV patients" 14 : 530-539, 2013

17 Superko HR, "Omega-3 fatty acid blood levels clinical significance update" 8 : 407-414, 2014

18 Coghill AE, "Omega-3 decreases IL-6 levels in HIV and human herpesvirus-8 coinfected patients in Uganda" 32 : 505-512, 2018

19 Amador-Licona N, "Omega 3 fatty acids supplementation and oxidative stress in HIV-seropositive patients. A Clinical Trial" 11 : e0151637-, 2016

20 Gorjao R, "New insights on the regulation of cancer cachexia by N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids" 196 : 117-134, 2019

21 Calder PC, "N-3 Fatty acids, inflammation and immunity : New mechanisms to explain old actions" 72 : 326-336, 2013

22 Fenton J, "Long chain omega-3 fatty acid immunomodulation and the potential for adverse health outcomes" 89 : 379-390, 2013

23 Silva-Santi LG, "Liver fatty acid composition and inflammation in mice fed with highcarbohydrate diet or high-fat diet" 8 : 682-696, 2016

24 Moreira NX, "Incorporation of dietary trans mono-unsaturated fatty acids into tissues of Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats" 34 : 501-508, 2001

25 Hemkens LG, "HIV infection and cardiovascular disease" 35 : 1373-1381, 2014

26 Figueiredo IL, "Fast derivatization of fatty acids in different meat samples for gas chromatography analysis" 1456 : 235-241, 2016

27 Crawford MA, "Evidence for the unique function of docosahexaenoic acid during the evolution of the modern hominid brain" 34 : S39-S47, 1999

28 Kaur N, "Essential fatty acids as functional components of foods-a review" 51 : 2289-2303, 2014

29 Tuane Krupek, "Effervescent Glutamine Formulation Improves the Beneficial Effects of Antiretroviral Therapies on Immune Function in HIV/AIDS Carrier Patients" 한국식품영양과학회 23 (23): 485-490, 2020

30 Thusgaard M, "Effect of fish oil(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids)on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and inflammatory markers in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy : A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study" 41 : 760-766, 2009

31 Opiyo RO, "Effect of fish oil omega-3 fatty acids on reduction of depressive symptoms among HIV-seropositive pregnant women : A randomized, double-blind controlled trial" 17 : 49-, 2018

32 Vossen RCRM, "Differential effects of endothelial cell fatty acid modification on the sensitivity of their membrane phospholipids to peroxidation" 52 : 341-347, 1995

33 Ghiasvand H, "Clinical determinants associated with quality of life for people who live with HIV/AIDS : A Meta-analysis" 19 : 768-778, 2019

34 Giannarelli C, "Cardiovascular implications of HIV-induced dyslipidemia" 219 : 384-389, 2011

35 Christeff N, "Abnormal free fatty acids and cortisol concentrations in the serum of aids patients" 24 : 1179-1183, 1988

36 Fox DM, "AIDS and the American health polity : The history and prospects of a crisis of authority" 83 : 1-26, 2005