The effects of electrical shock on the expressions of aquaporin subunits in the rat spinal cords

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

We analyzed aquaporin (AQP) expression in the rat spinal cord following an electrical shock (ES) to elucidate the roles of AQP in spinal cord injury (SCI) induced by an electrical burn. In control animals, AQP1 immunoreactivity was observed in the small diameter dorsal horn fibers of laminae I and II and in astrocytes and neurons in the spinal cord. Both AQP4 and AQP9 immunoreactivity were detected in astrocytes. One week after the ES, AQP1 immunoreactivity in dorsal horn fibers was downregulated to 83, 61, and 33% of control levels following a 1-, 4-, or 6-second ES, respectively. However, AQP1 immunoreactivity in ventral horn neurons increased to 1.3-, 1.5-, and 2.4-fold of control levels following a 1-, 4-, or 6-second ES, respectively. AQP4 immunoreactivity was upregulated after an ES in laminae I and II astrocytes in a stimulus-intensity independent manner. Unlike AQP1 and AQP4, AQP9 immunoreactivity was unaffected by the ES. These findings indicate that altered AQP immunoreactivity may be involved in SCI following an ES.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Acknowledgements
• References

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Jablonski E, "Water movement during apoptosis: a role for aquaporins in the apoptotic volume decrease (AVD)" 559 : 179-188, 2004

2 Nesic O, "Transcriptional profiling of spinal cord injury-induced central neuropathic pain" 95 : 998-1014, 2005

3 Verkman AS, "Three distinct roles of aquaporin-4 in brain function revealed by knockout mice" 1758 : 1085-1093, 2006

4 Amiry-Moghaddam M, "The molecular basis of water transport in the brain" 4 : 991-1001, 2003

5 Chen Y, "Takahashi JA. Increased expression of aquaporin 1 in human hemangioblastomas and its correlation with cyst formation" 80 : 219-225, 2006

6 Verkman AS, "Structure and function of aquaporin water channels" 278 : F13-F28, 2000

7 Nielsen S, "Specialized membrane domains for water transport in glial cells: high-resolution immunogold cytochemistry of aquaporin-4 in rat brain" 17 : 171-180, 1997

8 Verkman AS, "Role of aquaporins in endothelial water transport" 200 : 528-, 2002

9 Ribeiro M, "Reverse crossed cerebellar diaschisis" 19 : 439-441, 2006

10 Oshio K, "Reduced cerebrospinal fl uid production and intracranial pressure in mice lacking choroid plexus water channel Aquaporin-1" 19 : 76-78, 2005

11 Baxter CR, "Present concepts in the management of major electrical injury" 50 : 1401-1418, 1970

12 Manley GT, "New insights into water transport and edema in the central nervous system from phenotype analysis of aquaporin-4 null mice" 129 : 983-991, 2004

13 Sharma HS, "Neuroprotective effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in spinal cord injury-induced pathophysiology and motor functions: an experimental study in the rat" 1053 : 422-434, 2005

14 Chesler M, "Modulation of pH by neuronal activity" 15 : 396-402, 1992

15 Segal JL, "Methylprednisolone disposition kinetics in patients with acute spinal cord injury" 18 : 16-22, 1998

16 Melo TM, "Metabolism is normal in astrocytes in chronically epileptic rats: a (13)C NMR study of neuronal-glial interactions in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy" 25 : 1254-1264, 2005

17 Saadoun S, "Involvement of aquaporin-4 in astroglial cell migration and glial scar formation" 118 (118): 5691-5698, 2005

18 Rodriguez A, "Increased expression of water channel aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 4 in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and in bovine spongiform encephalopathy-infected bovine-PrP transgenic mice" 112 : 573-585, 2006

19 Oshio K, "Impaired pain sensation in mice lacking Aquaporin-1 water channels" 341 : 1022-1028, 2006

20 Elkjaer M, "Immunolocalization of AQP9 in liver, epididymis, testis, spleen, and brain" 276 : 1118-1128, 2000

21 Nacimiento W, "Immunocytochemistry of B-50 (GAP-43) in the spinal cord and in dorsal root ganglia of the adult cat" 22 : 413-424, 1993

22 Perosa SR, "Glycosaminoglycan levels and proteoglycan expression are altered in the hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy" 58 : 509-516, 2002

23 Ma T, "Generation and phenotype of a transgenic knockout mouse lacking the mercurial-insensitive water channel aquaporin-4" 100 : 957-962, 1997

24 Tsukaguchi H, "Functional and molecular characterization of the human neutral solute channel aquaporin-9" 277 (277): 685-696, 1999

25 Xiong ZQ, "Extracellular pH responses in CA1 and the dentate gyrus during electrical stimulation, seizure discharges, and spreading depression" 83 : 3519-3524, 2000

26 Xiang D, "Experimental high-voltage electrical burns on limbs of rabbits" 14 : 429-432, 1998

27 koog T, "Electrical injuries" 10 : 816-830, 1970

28 Li S, "Effects of MK801 on evoked potentials, spinal cord blood fl ow and cord edema in acute spinal cord injury in rats" 37 : 820-832, 1999

29 Unterberg AW, "Edema and brain trauma" 129 : 1021-1029, 2004

30 Badaut J, "Distribution of Aquaporin 9 in the adult rat brain: preferential expression in catecholaminergic neurons and in glial cells" 128 : 27-38, 2004

31 Badaut J, "Distribution and possible roles of aquaporin 9 in the brain" 129 : 971-981, 2004

32 Venero JL, "Detailed localization of aquaporin-4 messenger RNA in the CNS: preferential expression in periventricular organs" 94 : 239-250, 1999

33 Ko SH, "Delayed spinal cord injury following electrical burns: a 7-year experience" 30 : 691-695, 2004

34 Kim JE, "DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSIONS OF AQUAPORIN SUBTYPES IN ASTROGLIA IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF CHRONIC EPILEPTIC RATS" PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD 163 : 781-789, 2009

35 Kimelberg HK, "Current concepts of brain edema: review of laboratory investigations" 83 : 1051-1059, 1995

36 Kim JE, "Astroglial Loss and Edema Formation in the Rat Piriform Cortex and Hippocampus Following Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus" WILEY-LISS 518 : 4612-4628, 2010

37 Badaut J, "Astrocyte-specifi c expression of aquaporin-9 in mouse brain is increased aft er transient focal cerebral ischemia" 21 : 477-482, 2001

38 Badaut J, "Aquaporins in brain: distribution, physiology, and pathophysiology" 22 : 367-378, 2002

39 Manley GT, "Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema aft er acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke" 6 : 159-163, 2000

40 Oshio K, "Aquaporin-1 deletion reduces osmotic water permeability and cerebrospinal fl uid production" 86 : 525-528, 2003

41 Agre P, "Aquaporin water channels: from atomic structure to clinical medicine" 542 (542): 3-16, 2002

42 Perez E, "Aquaporin expression in the cerebral cortex is increased at early stages of Alzheimer disease" 1128 : 164-174, 2007

43 Nesic O, "Aquaporin 1: a novel player in spinal cord injury" 105 : 628-640, 2008

44 Badaut J, "Aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 4 expression in human brain after subarachnoid hemorrhage and in peritumoral tissue" 86 : 495-498, 2003

45 Shields SD, "Anatomical and functional analysis of aquaporin 1, a water channel in primary aff erent neurons" 131 : 8-20, 2007

46 Yamamoto N, "Alterations in the expression of the AQP family in cultured rat astrocytes during hypoxia and reoxygenation" 90 : 26-38, 2001

47 Dube C, "Age-dependent consequences of seizures and the development of temporal lobe epilepsy in the rat" 23 : 219-223, 2001