英國經驗論 哲學에 關한 硏究 : Locke의 人間知性論에 끼친 實證科學과 Descartes의 影響 Effect of New Science and Rene Descartes on J. Locke's Essay concerning Human Understanding = A Study on Empirical Philosophy in England

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Today, we can find J. Locke's ideological core through his political philosophy which became a foundation for his empirical philosophy and free democratism that established a basis for the British empirical philosophy in the 17th centry. Furthermore, his philosophical thought is of deep significance, on the ground that his thought has philosophical thought is of deep significance, on the ground that his thought has not only played a leading role for classical philosophy in Germany, but also, became a foundation for empirical philosophy in the coming generations.
However, no study or discussion on J. Locke's philosophy and political philosophy had been made until the end of World War Ⅱ. Moreover, the prevailing trend of thought at that time was that even his philosophy had been underestimated, and R. Descarters or D. Hume had been much praised. However, the growing interest on J. Locke began to increase since World War Ⅱ.
In it's background, collections of materials on Locke, titled "Lovelace Collection" and "Mellon Collection," and his medical notes, etc. were opened to the public, and then, the studies and concerns on Locke have been progressed at a new angle. For example, in Japan, the active study on him has been progressed with their critical mind intentionally, in order to basically understand democratism through confirmation of various Western Democratic thoughts in it's origin, on occasion of their defeat in World War Ⅱ.
It is current situation that study on Locke has actively been made on world-wide basis, and that, it seems to us that we are just now in Locke's Ages in the history of studies.
However, in Korea, the study on Lock has not been made remarkably, and it is current situation that only Locke's "epistemology has been taken as a teaching material political theory sometimes.
However, Locke is a philosopher who virtually made a turning point for "epistemology" of modern philosophy, a founder of citizen's political theory, and a thinker for modern politics, who established a foundation.
These recognition and revaluation on Locke are required for theoretical working on philosophical development in Korean society. However, in realities, in Korea Locke has been introduced only as epistemologist a little and a modern thinker even in political philosophy a little, and he is not a philosopher who is familiar with philosophical circle and democratic living in Korea
Therefore, the purpose of this my study is to analyze his works. mainly on his major works, "Essay concerning Human Understanding" which becomes the heart of Locke's philosophy, examine the matters on how he was influenced by new science and a new medical field, especially on his "Essay concerning Human Understanding", and also, on how he was influenced by Rene Descartes especially on thought and method, which played a leading role for his thought.
1. In my study I also examined the inheritting process on the method by making his thought learned and experienced through new medical study and science with the then scientists and medicians from his university life related to the critical mind of the then Scientific Revolution, and also, examinde the core elements which had effects on his "Essay concerning Human Understanding" basically.
2. Secondly, I tried to examine on how did he make the knowledge and method from new science and medicine corelated to his "Essay concerning Human Understanding". and the matters he was influenced by new science and medicine.
3. Third, I examined on characters of 2 methods he used for writing his "Essay concerning Human Understanding" and academic effects and methods he received from Rene Descartes, from various sides.
4. Fourth, I examined the relationship between Locke's "Essay concerning Human Understanding's basic thought and Rene Descartes' Thought, comparatively.
5. Conclusion:
Locke's medical essay contained the fundamental thought of "Essay concerning Human Understanding" already.
Locke's Idealism shown in his "Essay concerning Human Understanding" is based on "Corpuscularian Hypothesis," and it's theory on atomic structure must be conceived from the then outlook on matter. His theory on perception, theory on hypothesis, etc, was much influenced by experimental philosophy of R. Boyle.
Moreover, it is considered that the influence of T. Sydenham on Locke in medical study or experimental study on Iatrochemistry is historically important. That is why his fallibilism would not be established unless such effects were not made, and, his "Essay concerning Human Understanding" made be in other form, not as the current book form, though he intended to write it.
We are required to note that two methods and 2 philosophies coexist in the method of his "Essay concerning Human Understanding." The original direction of philosophical Empiricism developed newly by Locke, is history of experience by introspection, and it's conclusion is solipsism. But, he could not stay at this stage, because of bringing-up of scepticism of World existence, and then, he returned to naturalistic realism.
Locke failed to harmonize and unify such mutually-opposite direction, and had leaped without intervention of logic. He had accepted the physical consideration on premise of bodily and physiological sides, in explaining inner animation of ideal, sticking to fundamental attitude which have an idea as inner phenomenon.
Thus, Locke newly developed the way for introspective history in which mind or intellect observe it's own conduct.
As pointed out by Gibson, this way was suggested by Rene Descartes. The scientific effects Locke was given by Rene Descartes, can be found in various sides, including Intuitive Knowledge and certification of God's existence. In the methodology, Locke was inheritted deep contents by "Cogito." He accepted "Cogito's" method of bringing "Episteme" of the Self existence, and also, accepted an manner of observing "my own mind think" action introspectively and internally. Locke generalized "Cogito's" introspection, and also, intended to seek intellect in the same manner.
Here, Locke came to establish the coordinates of "introspective history" and he made it his original method on it's own philosophical management. Based on this new method, Locke had established his philosophical system, ranging from theory on knowledge to ontology.
Moreover, Locke was decisively influenced by Rene Descartes, not in individual problem, but, in establishment of fundamental basis for pursuit of philosophical awakening and recognition.
In each them, rather, Locke showed a remarkable critique on R. Descartes. However, it is not too much to say that "Essay concerning Human Understanding" could not be written without Decartes' philosophy.
However, a decisive confrontation between Locke and R. Descartes was made on an important method of R. Descartes' philosophy.
In a word, it seemed to Locke that such R. Descartes' a priori method of deducing the self existence from inevitability of consciousness or thinking by discriminating consciousness and existence, and then, continuing to certify all phenomenon in World by deducing from existence, was just a fancy.
The knowledge on external things can never be reached by abstract thinking. Therefore, it is considered that the only thing to be taught on actual thing is "experience" and there are not other things to be taught on actual thing, except " Experience".
This was the firm belief of Locke! So, if we solve problems of recognition on premise of this belief, it is quite natural that his belief itself will be justified.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序 言
• Ⅱ. 實證科學과 Locke의 認識論의 發芽
• Ⅲ. 人間知性論에 끼친 實證科學의 影響
• Ⅳ. 人間知性論의 두가지 方法
• Ⅴ. 人間知性論과 Descartes의 影響
• Ⅵ. 結 論