Supporting Pre-Service English Teachers’ Academic Reading and Writing With Online Machine Translation

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Literacy demands placed upon learners of English for academic purposes continues to increase with growing online access to scholarly communities from around the world. To gain full access to these resources, English learners need to develop the requisite skills to consume and produce these texts. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine whether online machine translation (MT) can support the academic reading and writing development of second language learners. A pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental design was used where the treatment group was provided with opportunities to read academic articles with MT support to establish whether it could improve their academic vocabulary knowledge, written grammar ability and academic writing. Results were that machine translation tools allow learners to scaffold their comprehension of challenging academic texts to improve their L2 written grammar but not support their vocabulary development or overall L2 writing ability. These findings help to establish the value of using machine translation tools to support academic literacy in English by showing that they contribute to gains in L2 written grammar. Academic writing teachers may consider integrating these tools more into their courses to improve their students’ academic literacy and develop their L2 learning autonomy.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Hedge, T., "Writing : Resource book for teachers" Oxford University Press 1988

2 Williams, L., "Web-based machine translation as a tool for promoting electronic literacy and language awareness" 39 (39): 565-578, 2006

3 Swift, S., "Using the L1 in the EFL classroom"

4 Goulet, M. -J., "Using machine translation for academic writing in English as a second language: Results of an exploratory study on linguistic quality" 72 : 5-28, 2017

5 Clanfield, L, "Using L1 in the classroom: In defense of L1 in the classroom, secondary and adults. Humanising Language Teaching"

6 VanVoorhis, C. W., "Understanding power and rules of thumb for determining sample sizes" 3 (3): 43-50, 2007

7 O’Brien, S., "Translation quality assessment" Springer 237-262, 2018

8 Cook, G., "Translation in language teaching: An argument for reassessment" Oxford University Press 2010

9 Kelly, N., "Translation as a pedagogical tool in the foreign language classroom : A qualitative study of attitudes and behaviours" 19 (19): 150-168, 2015

10 Duff, A., "Translation : A resource book for teachers" Oxford University Press 1989

11 Newson, D., "Translation & language teaching: Language teaching & translation" St. Jerome 63-68, 1998

12 Spivey, N. N., "Transforming texts : Constructive processes in reading and writing" 7 (7): 256-287, 1990

13 Turnbull, M., "There is a role for the L1 in second and foreign language teaching" 57 (57): 531-540, 2001

14 Kern, R. G., "The role of mental translation in second language reading" 16 (16): 441-461, 1994

15 Schmidt, R. W., "The role of consciousness in second language learning" 11 (11): 129-158, 1990

16 Krashen, S. D., "The power of reading" Libraries Unlimited 2004

17 Burke, B. M., "The power of language, the power of people: Celebrating 50 years" Robert M. Terry 43-80, 2018

18 Storch, N., "The impact of studying in a second language(L2)medium university on the development of L2 writing" 18 (18): 103-118, 2009

19 Hyland, K., "The handbook of English for specific purposes" Wiley-Blackwell 95-113, 2013

20 O’Neill, E. M., "The effect of online translators on L2 writing in French" University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2012

21 Aminzadeh, R., "The comparative effect of reading-to-write and writing-only tasks on the improvement of EFL learners’ writing ability" 6 (6): 24-40, 2013

22 Butzkamm, W., "The bilingual reform: A paradigm shift in foreign language teaching" Narr Francke Attempto Verlag 2009

23 Pym, A., "The Routledge handbook of translation studies and linguistics" Routledge 393-407, 2016

24 Lee, Kyonglim, "The Effect of Genre-Based Instruction: Improving English Writing Ability in the Classroom" 한국영어교육학회 61 (61): 257-281, 2006

25 Wobbrock, J., "The Aligned Rank Transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only ANOVA procedures" 143-146, 2011

26 Cohen, J., "Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences" Erlbaum Associates 1988

27 Shen, M. -Y., "Reading-writing connection for EFL college learners’ literacy development" 11 (11): 89-108, 2009

28 Karnal, A. R., "Reading strategies in a L2 : A study on machine translation" 15 (15): 69-79, 2015

29 Grabe, W., "Reading and writing together: A critical component of English for academic purposes teaching and learning" 4 (4): 9-24, 2013

30 R Core Team, "R: A language and environment for statistical computing"

31 Parra Escartín, C., "Proceedings of MT Summit XVI (Vol. 1)" International Association for Machine Translation 254-267, 2017

32 Fredholm, K., "Online translation use in Spanish as a foreign language essay writing : Effects on fluency, complexity and accuracy" 9 (9): 7-24, 2015

33 Arnold, N., "Online extensive reading for advanced foreign language learners : An evaluation study" 42 (42): 340-366, 2009

34 Greene, S., "Mining texts in reading to write" 12 (12): 151-170, 1992

35 Perez, S., "Microsoft announces breakthrough in Chinese-to-English machine translation [Technology News and Analysis]" Tech Crunch

36 Garcia, I., "Machine translation-assisted language learning : Writing for beginners" 24 (24): 471-487, 2011

37 Niño, A., "Machine translation in foreign language learning : Language learners’ and tutors’ perceptions of its advantages and disadvantages" 21 (21): 241-258, 2009

38 Hyon, S., "Long-term effects of genre-based instruction : A follow-up study of an EAP reading course" 20 : 417-438, 2001

39 Petrić, B., "Legitimate textual borrowing : Direct quotation in L2 student writing" 21 (21): 102-117, 2012

40 Bachman, L. F., "Language testing in practice : Designing and developing useful language tests" Oxford University Press 1996

41 Ying-Hsueh, C., "L1 glosses : Effects on EFL learners’ reading comprehension and vocabulary retention" 21 (21): 119-142, 2009

42 Saito, Y., "Investigating the construct validity of the cloze section in the examination for the certificate of proficiency in English" 39-82, 2003

43 Jayanti, F. G., "Integrating reading and writing in academic writing class" 9 (9): 127-136, 2013

44 Çepni, S. B, "Impact of text-mining and imitating strategies on lexical richness, lexical diversity and general success in second language writing" 15 (15): 61-68, 2016

45 Chuenchaichon, Y., "Impact of intensive reading on the written performance of Thai university EFL writers" 3-14, 2011

46 Daane, M. C., "Good readers make good writers: A description of four college students" 35 (35): 184-188, 1991

47 Ko, M. H., "Glosses, comprehension, and strategy use" 17 (17): 125-143, 2005

48 Faul, F., "G*Power 3 : A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences" 39 (39): 175-191, 2007

49 Krashen, S. D., "Free voluntary reading" Libraries Unlimited 2011

50 Laufer, B., "Form-focused instruction in second language vocabulary learning: A case for contrastive analysis and translation" 29 (29): 694-716, 2008

51 Dovey, T., "Facilitating writing from sources : A focus on both process and product" 9 (9): 45-60, 2010

52 Day, R., "Extensive reading in the second language classroom" Cambridge University Press 1998

53 Ariew, R., "Exploring the potential of hypermedia annotations for second language reading" 17 (17): 237-259, 2004

54 Grabe, W., "Exploring the dynamics of second language writing" Cambridge University Press 242-262, 2001

55 East, M., "Evaluating the reliability of a detailed analytic scoring rubric for foreign language writing" 14 (14): 88-115, 2009

56 Lenders, O., "Electronic glossing – is it worth the effort?" 21 (21): 457-481, 2008

57 Akbulut, Y., "Effects of multimedia annotations on incidental vocabulary learning and reading comprehension of advanced learners of English as a foreign language" 35 (35): 499-517, 2007

58 Schmitt, N., "Developing and exploring the behaviour of two new versions of the vocabulary levels test" 18 (18): 55-88, 2001

59 Liaw, M. -L., "Content-based reading and writing for critical thinking skills in an EFL context" 31 (31): 45-87, 2007

60 Tsai, J., "Connecting reading and writing in college EFL courses" 12 (12): 139-146, 2006

61 García, I., "Can machine translation help the language learner. ICT for Language Learning, 3"

62 Weigle, S. C., "Assessing writing" Cambridge University Press 2002

63 Van Rensburg, A., "Applying Google Translate in a higher education environment : Translation products assessed" 30 (30): 511-524, 2012

64 Kay, M, "ARTool: R package for the Aligned Rank Transform for nonparametric factorial ANOVAs (Version 0.10.6)"

65 Wobbrock, J., "ARTool: Alignand-rank data for a nonparametric ANOVA (Version 1.6.2) [Software"

66 Plakans, L., "A close investigation into source use in integrated second language writing tasks" 17 (17): 18-34, 2012