This paper was prepared as a part of effort to understand the structure and character of the "Ho-ch'in" (friendly relations) system as a part of the Chinese world order in the Han dynasty. Essentially the "Ho-ch'in" system had been existed for a horiz...
This paper was prepared as a part of effort to understand the structure and character of the "Ho-ch'in" (friendly relations) system as a part of the Chinese world order in the Han dynasty. Essentially the "Ho-ch'in" system had been existed for a horizontal relations which could be concluded between the two independent states, Han and its neighbor states. But the Systemic form of the "Ho-ch'in" in the Han dynasty was not all horizoutal one. Some Cases of the "Ho-ch'in" system were level both in nominally and virtually. But some other cases were unequal in form but equal in reality.
If we could name the former the "Ho-ch'in I " system and the latter the "Ho-ch'in Ⅱ"system, the "Ho-ch'in I" system includes those international relations, like as the relation between Han and Hsiung-nu in the early Han dynasty, "Ho-ch'in Ⅱ" system includes those interna-tional relations, like as the relation betweenn Han and Hsiung-nu in the late Hsi-Han dynasty, the relation between Han and Nan-yueh or Chao-hsien in the early Han dynasty, the relation between Han and Hsi-yu in the late Hsi-Han dynasty, etc.
In this paper, I examined the systemic structure of the each cases and found out the common feature of the cases included in the "Ho-chin I" was systemized by those things, the forming brotherly ties, the marriage of the princess, the supply of the chinese goods, and the promise of the nonaggression, etc. And the relations of the "Ho-chin Ⅰ" was systemized by those forms of the Chao-kung(tribute), Te'e-feng(appointment), Ju-chin(security) and Ch'eng-chen(subjecting) etc.
Especially the forms of the "Ho-ch'in Ⅱ"were vertical and unequal one. In practice, the chinese in the Han dynasty had been regarded the states(or nations) included in the "Ho-ch'in Ⅱ" system as the "Wai-ch'en"(outer subject) of Han China. But in reality, the relations between Han and the states in the "Ho-ch'in Ⅱ" system was very equal and level one. I think this is an essential contradiction included in the chinese world order in the Han dynasty.