The shipping industry transports over 80% of the global cargo volume and plays a pivotal role in global trade and supply chain stability. In particular, container freight rates serve as a key indicator reflecting the supply-demand dynamics of the ship...
The shipping industry transports over 80% of the global cargo volume and plays a pivotal role in global trade and supply chain stability. In particular, container freight rates serve as a key indicator reflecting the supply-demand dynamics of the shipping market and external shocks, significantly influencing the strategic decision-making and risk management of stakeholders such as shipping companies, shippers, and logistics firms. Recently, the intensification of global supply chain disruptions has been driven by a complex interplay of factors, including the International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s strengthened environmental regulations, the U.S.-China trade war, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, geopolitical tensions such as the Red Sea crisis, and external shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic. These have collectively led to a marked increase in freight rate volatility. Against this backdrop, this study aims to empirically analyze changes in the determinants of the Shanghai Containerized Freight Index (SCFI) before and after supply chain disruptions.
The analysis of SCFI determinants by phase is based on time-series data spanning from January 2016 to December 2024, divided into pre-pandemic (January 2016 – December 2019) and post-pandemic (January 2020 – December 2024) periods for comparative analysis. First, through Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling, a comparison between the 2018 U.S.-China trade war period and the recent supply chain environment reveals that while the past was centered on tariff disputes between the U.S. and China, the current issues have expanded to multiple countries including the European Union and members of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), with strategic industries such as semiconductors, electric vehicles, and batteries becoming focal points in supply chain restructuring. Subsequently, the Business Cycle Clock (BCC) technique was applied to categorize SCFI’s time-series trajectory into four phases: Expansion, Deceleration, Recession, and Recovery. The explanatory variables included external shock factors such as Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) and Geopolitical Risk Index (GPR), macroeconomic indicators including Nominal Dollar Index (DNX), Interest Rate (IR), Consumer Price Index (CPI), and Composite Leading Indicator (CLI), as well as shipping industry supply-demand indicators such as changes in vessel capacity and cargo volume. A Decision Tree (DT) classification model was employed to examine the complex interactions among variables within each phase.
The results indicate that in the post-pandemic period, the frequency of Expansion and Recovery phases of SCFI significantly increased compared to the pre-pandemic period, with a notable strengthening of the influence of GPR and EPU. In particular, external shock factors demonstrated relatively greater explanatory power than supply-demand and macroeconomic variables after the supply chain disruptions, suggesting that complex factors such as the Red Sea crisis, trade wars, and global inflationary pressures have driven structural shifts in freight rates. Moreover, the composition and influence of key determinants varied distinctly across phases; for example, the combined effect of supply-demand variables and GPR was more pronounced in the Expansion phase, while macroeconomic indicators and EPU showed higher impact during the Recession phase.
This study empirically elucidates the structural changes in the determinants of freight rates before and after supply chain disruptions and identifies key influencing factors by phase, thereby offering practical implications for strategic decision-making and risk response to stakeholders in the shipping industry. Notably, it contributes academically and practically by proposing an analytical framework that integrates policy uncertainty and geopolitical risk alongside traditional supply-demand analysis.
Keyword: Shipping Industry, Container Freight Rates, Supply Chain, Decision Tree, LDA, Business Cycle Clock