Presidents and Crisis : (Developing a Crisis Management System in the Executive Branch)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In the past, presidents have tended to deal with a crisis in an ad hoc, "I'll cross that bridge when I come to it" manner. In a nuclear age, the US can no longer afford such a luxury. As recent crises suggest, a more self-conscious, formal mechanism for crisis management is necessary.
This paper presents a crisis management system for the executive branch consisting of five components: (1) precrisis training seminars; (2) crisis control centers; (3) crisis communication; (4) crisis norms and procedures; and (5) institutionalizing a devil's advocate.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Dealing with Crises
• Nuclear versus Nonnuclear Crises
• Crisis Management Defined
• Dysfunctional Aspects of Crisis
• A. Time
• B. High Stakes
• C. Information
• D. Psychological Prejudice and Cognitive Biases
• E. Complexity, Uncertainty, and Communication
• F. Stress and Fatigue
• G. Bureaucratic Resistance
• Developing a Crisis Management System
• A. Crisis Training Seminars
• B. Crises Control Centers
• C. Crisis Communication
• D. Establishing Crisis Procedures
• E. Institutionalizing a Devil's Advocate Function
• Conclusion
• NOTES