통윤의 『유마경직소』에 나타난 남종선 영향 = The Influence of Southern Chan Buddhism in Tongrun's Direct Commentary on the Vimalakīrti Sūtra

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study systematically analyzes the reception and application of Southern Chan (南宗禪) Buddhist thought in the Direct Commentary on the Vimalakīrti Sūtra (Weimojing Zhishu, 維摩經直疏) by Yiyu Tongrun (一雨通潤, 1565-1624), an eminent Huayan monk of the late Ming dynasty. In his commentary on the Vimalakīrti Sūtra, Tongrun actively incorporated Southern Chan thought centered on the Sixth Patriarch Huineng(六祖慧能) and Mazu Daoyi(馬祖道一) to reinterpret the scripture's core concepts.
The findings reveal that, first, Tongrun employed Huineng’s concepts of inherent purity of self-nature (zixing qingjing, 自性淸淨), the three non-attachments (sanwu, 三無) of no-thought, no-form, and no-abiding, and the emptiness philosophy of “originally not a single thing” (benlai wuyiwu, 本來無一物) as the fundamental framework for interpreting the Vimalakīrti Sūtra. He directly quoted passages from the Zongbao edition of the Platform Sūtra to reinterpret concepts such as mind-only pure land, impermanence, suffering, emptiness, non-self, cessation, and “emptiness of emptiness”(yikongkong, 以空空) from a Southern Chan perspective.
Second, through Mazu’s teachings on “the Way requires no cultivation”(dao buyong xiu, 道不用修), “ordinary mind is the Way”(pingchangxin shi dao, 平常心是道), and “this very mind is Buddha”(jixin jifo, 卽心卽佛), Tongrun highlighted the practical significance of the Vimalakīrti Sūtra. By extensively citing dialogues between Nanyue Huairang and Mazu, as well as Mazu’s dharma talks, he interpreted the scripture’s meditation practices and the proper attitude of dharma seekers as the realization of enlightenment in everyday life.
Third, Tongrun systematically cited the dharma talks of Mazu’s principal disciples, including Panshan Baoji(槃山寶積), Nanquan Puyuan(南泉普願), and Baizhang Huaihai (百丈懷海), to concretize the non-dual philosophy of the Vimalakīrti Sūtra. He particularly utilized these Chan masters’ insights when interpreting the true meaning of renunciation and the practice of “practicing the non-Way to penetrate the Buddha Way”(feidao xing fodao, 非道行佛道).
Tongrun’s hermeneutical methodology represents a paradigmatic example of the unity of Chan and doctrinal teachings (chan jiao yizhi, 禪敎一致) characteristic of Ming dynasty Buddhism, creatively synthesizing doctrinal understanding with Chan experiential realization. This study elucidates the intrinsic relationship between the Vimalakīrti Sūtra and Southern Chan thought, demonstrating how scriptures and Chan thought were harmoniously integrated in Chinese Buddhist history.