Background and Aims
Since the advent of biologic agents, the treatment paradigm and prognosis for Crohn's disease (CD) have undergone significant
changes. While granulomas are one of the hallmark pathophysiological features of CD, their prognostic sig...
Background and Aims
Since the advent of biologic agents, the treatment paradigm and prognosis for Crohn's disease (CD) have undergone significant
changes. While granulomas are one of the hallmark pathophysiological features of CD, their prognostic significance remains controversial, particularly regarding their impact on the response to biologic therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of TNF-α inhibitors based on the presence and histological subtypes of granulomas in patients with CD.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study included CD patients with available histological specimens followed at Seoul National Bundang Hospital (SNUBH) between April 2017 and May 2025. Granulomatous inflammation was systematically classified by an experienced gastrointestinal pathologist into four categories: granuloma-negative, suspicious granuloma, microgranulomapositive (4-9 histiocytes), and granuloma-positive (≥10
histiocytes). Baseline characteristics of patients between these groups were compared. In addition, treatment persistence to TNF-α inhibitors according to the types of granulomas and risk factors for treatment failure were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards regression model.
Results
Among the total 486 patients, patients with granulomatous (microgranuloma or definitive) inflammation (26.8%) demonstrated significantly different disease phenotypes compared to nongranulomatous (absent or suspicious) inflammation (73.2%), including lower rates of penetrating behaviors (12.3% vs. 26.4%, p=0.004). Among 219 patients who received TNF-α inhibitors, patients with granulomatous inflammation showed lower treatment persistence during the 5-year follow-up compared with those with non-granulomatous inflammation, although this difference was not statistically significant (log-rank test, p=0.07). In multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis, patients with granulomatous
inflammation was independently associated with an increased risk of TNF-α inhibitor treatment failure (adjusted hazard ration (aHR) 2.14, 95% CI 1.11–4.13, p=0.02), along with age at diagnosis >40 years (aHR 4.19, 95% CI 1.47–11.91, p=0.01), female sex (aHR 2.22, 95% CI 1.11–4.44, p=0.02).
Conclusions
Even though CD patients with granulomatous inflammation had lower rates of penetrating behavior, granulomatous inflammation was an independent risk factor for treatment failure to TNF-α inhibitors during long-term follow-up. These findings support the incorporation of systematic histopathological assessment of granulomatous inflammation into clinical decision-making algorithms for the management of CD.