The relevance of breast motions and gaits in running exercises

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The control of breast motions is a critical indicator to evaluate the comfort and function of sports bras. If the breast motions can be predicted based on the gait parameters detected by wearable sensors, it will more economical and convenient to evaluate the bras. Thirteen unmarried Chinese females with a breast cup of 75B were recruited in this study to investigate the regularity of breast motions and the relevance between breast motions and gaits during running exercises. The breast motion indicator is the distance alteration of breast regions. The gaits were described by the rotation angles of the hip, knee, ankle joints, and the foot height of the ground. Firstly, the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis H test were utilized to analyze the motion diversity among the eight breast regions. Then, the gray correlation analysis was applied to explore the relevance between breast motions and gaits. Finally, the back-propagation neural network, the genetic algorithm, and the particle swarm optimization algorithm were utilized to construct the prediction models for breast motions based on gait parameters. The results demonstrate that the same breast regions on the bilateral breasts and the diferent breast regions on the ipsilateral breasts present a signifcant motion diversity. There is a moderate correlation between breast motions and gait parameters, and the back-propagation neural network optimized by the particle swarm optimization algorithm performs better in breast motion prediction, which has a coeffcient of determination of 84.58% and a mean absolute error of 0.2108.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Bridgman, C., "Three-dimensional kinematics of the breast during a two-step star jump" 26 (26): 465-472, 2010

2 Eden, K. B., "Three dimensional kinematic evaluation of sport bra design: 1121" 24 (24): 187-, 1992

3 Xiao, X. P., "Theoretical study and reviews on the computation method of grey interconnet degree" 8 : 77-82, 1997

4 Milligan, A., "The influence of breast support on torso, pelvis and arm kinematics during a five kilometer treadmill run" 42 : 246-260, 2015

5 Scurr, J. C., "The effect of breast support on the kinematics of the breast during the running gait cycle" 28 (28): 1103-1109, 2010

6 White, J. L., "The effect of breast support on kinetics during overground running performance" 52 (52): 492-498, 2009

7 Huang, S. Y., "The characterization of breast anatomical metrics using dedicated breast CT" 38 (38): 2180-2191, 2011

8 Scurr, J. C., "Supported and unsupported breast displacement in three dimensions across treadmill activity levels" 29 (29): 55-61, 2011

9 Zhou, J., "Studies of three-dimensional trajectories of breast movement for better bra design" 82 (82): 242-254, 2012

10 Lorentzen, D., "Selected sports bras: A biomechanical analysis of breast motion while jogging" 15 (15): 128-139, 1987

11 Ren, J. P., "Research on the impact of sports bras on breast movements in walking and running with different speeds" 27 (27): 172-177, 2015

12 Ren, J. P., "Research on the asymmetry of the left and right breast during walking" 28 (28): 360-364, 2016

13 Zhang, J., "Research on railway passenger flow prediction method based on GA improved BP neural network" 7 (7): 283-292, 2019

14 Prakash, C., "Recent developments in human gait research: Parameters, approaches, applications, machine learning techniques, datasets and challenges" 49 (49): 1-40, 2018

15 Wood, L. E., "Predictors of three-dimensional breast kinematics during bare-breasted running" 44 (44): 1351-1357, 2012

16 Zhou, J., "Prediction of relationship between shoulder strap attribute and breast amplitude of sports bra by BP neural network" 40 (40): 186-191, 2019

17 Jin, S. F., "Method for detecting fluffquality of fabric surface based on BP neural network" 41 (41): 69-76, 2020

18 Li, S. X., "Influence of sports bra on breast kinematic characteristics and the gait parameters under different stride frequencies" 41 (41): 82-88, 2018

19 Den Tonkelaar, I., "Increase in breast size after menopause: Prevalence and determinants" 48 (48): 51-57, 2004

20 Ding, F. J., "Flow stress prediction model of 6061 aluminum alloy sheet based on GA-BP and PSO-BP neural networks" 49 (49): 1840-1853, 2020

21 Lee, N. A., "Fatty and fibroglandular tissue volumes in the breasts of women 20–83 years old: Comparison of X-ray mammography and computer-assisted MR imaging" 168 (168): 501-506, 1997

22 Wang, H. L., "Extraction and importance ranking of features for gait recognition" 36 (36): 811-817, 2019

23 Gehlsen, G., "Evaluation of sports bras" 8 (8): 88-97, 1980

24 Zhou, J., "Evaluation of shock absorbing performance of sports bras" 2 (2): 108-113, 2009

25 Zhou, J., "Establishing a genetic algorithm-back propagation model to predict the pressure of girdles and to determine the model function" 90 (90): 2564-2578, 2020

26 Coltman, C. E., "Effect of aging on breast skin thickness and elasticity: Implications for breast support" 23 (23): 303-311, 2017

27 McGhee, D. E., "Education improves bra knowledge and fit, and level of breast support in adolescent female athletes: A cluster-randomised trial" 56 (56): 19-24, 2010

28 McGhee, D. E., "Does deep water running reduce exercise-induced breast discomfort?" 41 (41): 879-883, 2007

29 Shen, X. J., "Characteristics of outliers in wind speed-power operation data of wind turbines and its cleaning method" 33 (33): 3353-3361, 2018

30 Boyd, N., "Breast-tissue composition and other risk factors for breast cancer in young women: A cross-sectional study" 10 (10): 569-580, 2009

31 Mao, Q., "Breast shape recognition of young women in the west of China based on GRNN and PNN" 34 (34): 7-13, 2020

32 Scurr, J., "Breast displacement in three dimensions during the walking and running gait cycles" 25 (25): 322-329, 2009

33 McGhee, D. E., "Breast biomechanics: What do we really know?" 35 (35): 144-156, 2020

34 McGhee, D. E., "Bra–breast forces generated in women with large breasts while standing and during treadmill running: Implications for sports bra design" 44 (44): 112-118, 2013

35 McGhee, D. E., "Biomechanics of breast support for active women" 48 (48): 99-109, 2020

36 Liang, S. Z., "Basic breast shapes of female undergraduate in the west of China based on 3-D body scanning" 28 (28): 75-78, 2007

37 Losken, A., "An objective evaluation of breast symmetry and shape differences using 3-dimensional images" 55 (55): 571-575, 2005

38 Mason, B. R., "An analysis of movement and discomfort of the female breast during exercise and the effects of breast support in three cases" 2 (2): 134-144, 1999

39 Cai, Y., "A piecewise mass-spring-damper model of the human breast" 67 : 137-143, 2018

40 Pei, J., "A novel method to assess breast shape and breast asymmetry" 110 (110): 1229-1240, 2019

41 Haake, S., "A dynamic model of the breast during exercise" 12 (12): 189-197, 2010