觸知覺 論攷 = A Basic Study of Tactual and Haptic Perception for the Visually Imfaired

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this study, I have been trying to describe the state of knowledge and general approaches in the basic study of tactual and haptic perception. Where possible, this basic information was made relevant to problems faced by the visually impaired.
As the conclusion the main findings were as follows: It is important for the mobility specialist to understand these aspects of haptic perception since haptic perception is one of the most important modes of information input available to blind persons. Haptic perception is implicated directly in the mobility of blind persons when they are reading braille maps or identifying objects in order to orient themselves in spaces such as rooms.
In relating stimulus variation to perception, two slightly different approaches have been taken. One involves analysis of complex patterns or objects which are changed in systematic ways. The second involves varying pure physical dimensions and seeing how perception changes.
This is essentially the approach of traditional psychophysics. The traditional psychophysical approach is to determine how perception changes with variation in “pure” stimulus dimensions by Weber's Law, the amount of change required for such detection depends on the initial size. Thus small objects require small changes and large objects require larger changes. Stevens has demonstrated that for many dimensions perceived magnitude is proportional to physical magnitude raised to some power that is, small physical changes produce large perceptual changes. In the use of haptic information, It may be tentatively concluded that haptic added to visual information does not play a facilitory role, whereas visual added to haptic information does.
Generally, this evidence shows that younger children tend to attend to texture information when it is available together with shape information, whereas older children are more likely to attend to shape.
Exploration strategy is an important issue. It is necessary to separate haptic sensory abilities from the strategies used to direct haptic activity, because it may be in the strategy area that the younger child's weakness lies, rather than in haptic sensitivity to itself strategies may indeed be susceptible to training, whereas it seems unlikely that sensitivity itself can be substantially improved. There is some evidence on the possibility of training strategies that are not spontaneously used. Davidson (1972), working with adults, found congenitally blind subjects to be better at judging curvature than sighted subjects performing blind folded. From a variety of observational and experimental evidlly during the early childhood years.
Another type of constant error which occurs in haptic perception is the geometric illusion. It turns out that at least two of the classical visual geomatric illusions have haptic counterparts: The Muller-lyer illusion and the horizontal-vertical illusion. Specially, congenitally blind subjects were also found susceptible to both these illusions.
A final illusion to be mentioned is the size-weight illusion. This illusion to be mentioned is the size-weight illusion. This illusion was also first discovered when the procedure was carried out with vision. However, it is possible to measure the magnitude of this illusion by increasing the weight of the larger object until it is judged as heavy as the smaller object. It was found with one set of objects that the weight of the larger object had to be increased by as much as 40 to 50 percent to reach this point of equilibrium, paradoxically, illusions where perception is not as good as one would like seem to be closely related to the so-called constancies where perception appears to be better than it ought to be with haptic perception the phenomenom of constancy also exists but it is not as obvious as with visual perception. Blind infants are generally slow to develop such object constancy.
In the research discussed, the stimuli typically varied in only one dimension. The simplest kind of processing to which to pay attention. Any real object or pattern is very complex. When we feel it do we pay attention to all its aspects - its size, shape, texture, hardness, temperature, etc? Certainly, these characteristics we pay attention to depend to some extent on our prupose.
However, given a relatively neutral task such as telling a set of objects apart, is it possible to make generalizations about the aspects of the objects to which people attend? Gliner, Pick, Pick, and Hales (1969) carried out just such an experiment with kindergarteners and third grade children. It was found that the younger children on the whole were selectively attending to texture and the older children to shape. Although it is now known how general these results might be varieties of shape as well as general situations, the message is one of caution.
In a study of discrimination of move complex shapes than the ellipses just considered, Pick (1965) asked the question whether children taught to discriminate between pairs of shapes would learn what the individual shapes themselves were like or whether they would just learn how the shapes differed from one another. Again we do not know how far these results may be generalized but the suggestion is that in haptic perception simultaneous and successive exploration of objects may have somewhat different effects. If the detection of differences or distinctive features is of primary importance, simultaneous presentation of objects would be efficient. If perception of the nature of the objects themselves is important, it may be facilitated by successive presentation.
Directly relevant to the question of encoding of information is the unit in which information is perceived. In considering the encoding of information we must confront the question of meaning of patterns of stimulation with stimuli like braille the meaning of each character is arbitrary, but there are representational patterns of stimulation which naturally reflect the meaning of the thing they are supposed to represent. Again there is not much knowledge of how to naturally represent things, but consideration of such issues is major importance when designing representational tactile stimuli.
What happens to tactual and haptic information after it is encoded? It is often the case in real life that we have to remember information or we have to transform information before it is useful. The problem of short-term memory or storage of information may be particularly important in haptic and tactual perception because of the successive nature of information input.
Transformation of perceived information is goin on all the time. In the case of verbal information, we can often not recall the exact words we have been reading but we know the meaning.
In addition to the above findings some discussions on the tactual and haptic perception for the visually impaired were made.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 緖論
• Ⅱ. 觸知覺의 發達
• Ⅲ. 觸知覺의 精神物理學的 接近
• Ⅳ. 觸知覺 情報의 過程
• Ⅴ. 結論