This study examines the formation and operational process of international short-term labor mobility based on interlocal government cooperation through the case of the seasonal agricultural worker dispatch cooperation program between Cheorwon County i...
This study examines the formation and operational process of international short-term labor mobility based on interlocal government cooperation through the case of the seasonal agricultural worker dispatch cooperation program between Cheorwon County in South Korea and Dong Thap Province in Vietnam. In particular, this study does not approach the seasonal worker system merely as a policy for supplying foreign labor, but rather seeks to understand how labor shortages in rural Korea and overseas labor migration from rural Vietnam are connected and sustained within specific regional contexts.
In recent years, rural areas in South Korea have experienced rapid population decline and aging, leading to a continuous intensification of agricultural labor shortages. In particular, facility horticulture requires concentrated labor input during specific periods, making it increasingly difficult to sustain production solely through local labor resources. Cheorwon County, the study area, is also characterized by its unique spatial conditions as a region adjacent to the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ). As the decline of the younger and working-age population has progressed alongside population aging, dependence on external labor has steadily increased. In contrast, Dong Thap Province, located in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam, is one of the country’s representative agricultural areas, where the rural economy is largely based on rice cultivation and freshwater aquaculture. However, due to the seasonal nature of agricultural production and the limitations of local income opportunities, overseas labor migration has become an important livelihood strategy for some rural households.
This study examines the seasonal worker program jointly operated between Cheorwon County, South Korea, and Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, from 2017 to 2025. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining statistical analysis, questionnaire surveys, in-depth interviews, participant observation, and the construction of spatial datasets and thematic maps. Statistical data from the Cheorwon Statistical Yearbook, the Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS), official statistics of Dong Thap Province, and MOU documents from different periods were analyzed to examine demographic changes, agricultural structures, and the evolution of the program’s operational process in both regions. In addition, based on data on workers dispatched from Dong Thap to Cheorwon between 2023 and 2025, obtained from the Dong Thap Employment Service Center, thematic maps were produced to examine the spatial distribution of labor supply and identify patterns of regional concentration.
The survey was conducted from May to June 2025 with 123 seasonal workers from Dong Thap Province who were working in Cheorwon County. Separate surveys were also conducted with 60 farm owners in Cheorwon and 30 program administrators. In-depth interviews were carried out with a total of 42 participants, including seasonal workers, farm owners, and local government officials. Furthermore, from 2023 to 2025, the researcher periodically stayed in Dongsong-eup and Wasuri in Cheorwon County and conducted participant observation. Through this process, the study sought to understand not only the labor and living experiences of seasonal workers but also the actual operation of the program and the responses of the local community.
The major findings of the study are as follows.
First, the seasonal worker cooperation between Cheorwon County and Dong Thap Province gradually evolved into an institutionalized system based on interlocal government cooperation rather than remaining a simple form of labor mobility. During the initial stage between 2017 and 2018, the program was largely operated through marriage migrant women’s networks and interregional trust relationships. However, as the scale of participation expanded and issues such as COVID-19 and collective worker absconding emerged, selection criteria, cost structures, management procedures, and accountability systems became increasingly formalized. In particular, the MOUs signed after 2022 introduced more detailed regulations concerning age criteria, reporting systems, and responses to worker absconding, reflecting a growing degree of institutionalization in program management.
Second, labor supply within Dong Thap Province tended to concentrate in specific areas. In particular, Tam Nong, Lai Vung, and Lap Vo emerged as core labor-supplying regions with consistently high selection rates. This pattern cannot be explained solely by differences in population size. Rather, it appears to result from the combined influence of previous work experience in Japan, overseas migration networks, local government support systems, and repeated reselection structures. In particular, workers from Lai Vung and Tam Nong had relatively extensive experience working in Japan, and information and experiences related to overseas labor migration continued to circulate within local communities. In addition, support systems provided by local governments and employment service centers were relatively stable, while in some areas local fiscal conditions and tax revenues from enterprises also appeared to influence the continuity of the program.
Third, farm owners in Cheorwon tended to prefer experienced workers who repeatedly re-entered the program rather than newly recruited workers. Facility horticulture requires repetitive and highly detailed labor, including crop management, vine training, harvesting, and sorting, resulting in strong demand for workers already familiar with the production process. The survey findings showed that workers from Dong Thap adapted relatively quickly to the work environment, while farm owners generally expressed high levels of satisfaction regarding workers’ attitudes and compliance with regulations. As a result, workers from certain areas continued to show consistently high reselection rates.
Fourth, the seasonal worker program also influenced livelihood strategies among rural households in Dong Thap Province. The findings indicate that workers tended to use the income earned in Cheorwon not merely for consumption but also for agricultural production and household reinvestment. Many cases were identified in which remittances were used for repairing freshwater fish farms, purchasing agricultural equipment, installing automatic irrigation systems, supporting children’s education, and improving housing conditions. In addition, some workers partially applied cultivation and irrigation techniques learned through greenhouse farming in Cheorwon to local agriculture after returning home. These findings suggest that the seasonal worker program extends beyond short-term income generation and is connected, to some extent, with the long-term livelihood maintenance of rural households.
Fifth, the border-region characteristics of Cheorwon County also influenced the labor and living conditions of seasonal workers. Some farms were located near the Civilian Control Zone, where entry procedures and movement restrictions were imposed. In addition, many workers lived in temporary container-type housing facilities. Nevertheless, most workers prioritized income generation through short-term employment and tended to participate in the program repeatedly despite such conditions.
This study is significant in that it empirically examines the operational structure of international short-term labor mobility based on intergovernmental cooperation, using the seasonal worker program between Cheorwon County, South Korea, and Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, as a case study. In particular, the findings demonstrate that labor shortages in rural Korea and overseas labor migration from rural Vietnam are not merely phenomena occurring at the national level, but are increasingly organized and managed through cooperative arrangements between local governments. Furthermore, the study confirms that the seasonal worker program extends beyond the provision of labor, being closely linked to the livelihood strategies and agricultural reinvestment practices of rural households in the sending region. However, although workers from Dong Thap Province made a substantial contribution to agricultural production in Cheorwon County, the receiving region, their social integration into the local rural society remained limited due to an institutional framework centered on short-term residence and temporary employment.