4세 아동의 정서재인, 정서조망수용, 정서추론에서의 성차 = Gender differences in emotion recognition,affective perspective taking, and causal attribution of emotion of 4-year-old children

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 유아의 정서이해력을 정서재인, 정서조망수용, 정서추론의 3가지 능력으로 정의하고 기쁨, 슬픔, 분노, 두려움에 따라 남아와 여아의 차이가 어떻게 나타나는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 서울과 경기지역의 만 4세 아동 74명(남아 41명, 여아 33명)에게 손 인형을 사용하여 간단한 이야기를 들려주고 이야기 속 등장인물의 정서에 대해 질문하는 Puppet Task를 실시했으며 유치원/어린이집 교사가 아동의 언어능력을 평정하였다. 수집된 자료는 양적, 질적으로 분석되었는데 아동의 언어능력을 통제한 공변량 다중분산분석의 결과 정서조망수용과 정서추론에서 여아의 이해력이 남아보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 각 정서별로 살펴보면 조망수용과제에서는 기쁨과 분노에 대해 여아가 더 높은 수행을 보였고 추론과제에서도 기쁨의 원인을 더 잘 이해하는 것으로 나타났으나 슬픔과 두려움에 대해서는 3가지 영역 모두에서 성차가 유의하지 않았다. 또한 추론과제에 대해 내용분석을 실시한 결과 남아와 여아가 추론한 정서원인의 종류에 차이가 있었다. 남아와는 달리 여아는 날씨를 기쁨이나 두려움의 원인으로 언급하고 슬픔이나 분노의 원인으로 부모의 불화를 언급하는 등 자연현상과 인간관계로 귀인하였다. 이상의 결과들은 유아의 정서이해에서 정서의 종류에 따라 양적, 질적인 성차가 있음을 제시하고 있다. 후속 연구에서는 성차가 연령의 증가에 따라 어떤 유형을 보이는지, 성차를 일으키는 것으로 알려진 변인들에는 어떤 것들이 있는지 등이 더 고려되어야 할 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The primary purpose of this study was to examine how children's gender accounts for variation in three abilities for emotional understanding; emotion recognition, affective perspective taking, and causal attribution of emotion. Seventy four four-year-old Korean children (41 boys and 33 girls) were interviewed using Denham's Puppet Task in which a puppet character in each story feels one of the four basic emotions. The original scale was translated into Korean, and modified through back-translation procedures and pilot studies. Children's responses in the task were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results showed that gender differences were significant in affective perspective taking and causal attribution subscales. Specifically, girls understand contextual cues about happiness and anger better than boys, but no significant gender difference was found for emotional understanding of sadness and fear. Girls were also better than boys for causal attribution of happiness. In addition, content analysis suggested that for both boys and girls, parents' positive and negative emotional behaviors were the most common reasons for happiness, sadness, and anger. However, only girls attributed their negative feelings to marital conflicts between mothers and fathers. Also, compared to boys, girls' happiness seems to be more influenced by weather.

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