체제전환기 러시아 사회운동단체의 기원, 조직적 발전과 분화 배 정 한 27- ‘저발전’ 시민사회의 형성사적 근원 - = Origin, Organizational Development and Differentiation of Social Movement Organizations in the Transforming Russia : A Formative Source of “Underdeveloped” Civil Society

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Origin, Organizational Development and differentiation of Social Movement Organizations in the Transforming Russia - A Formative Source of "Underdeveloped" Civil Society -

This paper traced origin, development and differentiation of independent social organizations in the transforming Russia. From informal political groups to the Democratic Russia movement the development of independent social organizations would have brought about a vibrant civil society. But the specific features of the relations between nascent civil society actors and the state (i.e. the politicalization of movements) in the context of clique-based organizational culture made civil society in Russia underdeveloped.
The civil society actors gained their influences mainly from negative, i.e. anti- CPSU campaigns. The support for Yeltsin under the condition of the "dual power" (Union vs. Republics) was the other side of the coin because he was considered by the population as the anti-CPSU symbol figure. Lack of coherent program other than anti-CPSU and de facto dependence of the movement on the President Yeltsin, the split in the Democratic Russia movement was inevitable as the common enemy disappeared after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Above all, the problems of relations to the Yeltsin Administration devastated the spontaneous social movements, as the "new democrats" in the Yeltsin Administration tried to initiate their own social movements from above, based on the organizational culture of "clique". For that purpose they exploited organizational resources of the Democratic Russia movement, providing supportive regional subgroups with material and administrative assistance. Such attempts suffocated spontaneous social organizations and movements which had once flourished. Hence the domination of top-down practices in building social organizations and the underdevelopment of civil society in the transforming Russia.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

사회주의체제 아래의 '이차사회'에 뿌리를 두고 있던 체제전환 초기의 비공식집단들은 다양성을 근간으로 하는 시민사회의 조직으로 발전하기 이전의 원형적인 형태로서, 체제전환 과정에서 국가에 대항하는 민주화운동의 연합체로 결집하였다.그러나 러시아에서 진행된 '운동의 정치화'는 사회운동단체들이 공동의 연대감을 형성하지 못하고 개인적 관계에 기초한 클리크의 경계를 따라 파편화되는 결과를 초래하였다.국가를 담당하게 된 주도적인 클리크는 이후 관행적으로 사회운동의 '동원기구화'와 국가주도 비정부조직의 건설을 시도함으로써 체제전환 초기에 나타났던 대중적 자발성의 소진시켰다. 탈사회주의 러시아의 '저발전' 시민사회는 결국 클리크적인 조직형태를 지녔던 사회운동이 러시아에 독특한 '운동의 정치화'의 양상을 겪으면서 사회적 연대성, 즉 자발적 결사체들 사이의 긴밀한 상호작용의 네트워크와 상호신뢰를 형성할 수 없었던 사실에서 기인하는 것이라고 볼 수 있다.

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