The Janghang Wetland in the Han River estuary provides critical ecological and social functions but faces growing threats that undermine its resilience. Based on prior research, government reports, and media sources, key socio-ecological variables wer...
The Janghang Wetland in the Han River estuary provides critical ecological and social functions but faces growing threats that undermine its resilience. Based on prior research, government reports, and media sources, key socio-ecological variables were analyzed using a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD). Findings indicate that vegetation loss accelerates invasive spread, toxic inflows, and sediment buildup, thereby undermining habitat diversity and soil purification. To address these pressures, the study recommends nature-based solutions (NbS), including multilayer planting with purification species, buffer zones in fallow paddies, and expanded ecological education. Such measures can strengthen ecological stability, engage local communities, and guide future wetland management and restoration policies.