From Father to Son: 1.5- and Second-Generation Korean Argentines and Ethnic Entrepreneurship in the Argentine Garment Industry

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Unlike second-generation Koreans in the USA or other developed countries, who generally rejected the small-business preferences of their parents, pursued professional careers and achieved mainstream-oriented mobility, succeeding generations of Korean Argentines have continued to choose work within the garment industry. Based on ethnographic research conducted in Argentina in 2014, this study discusses why young Korean Argentines opt for these career paths and how such a choice reflects the particular migration experiences and settlement history of Koreans in Argentina. While the economic and practical merits of inheriting family-owned businesses have been major drivers in the career decisions of younger Korean Argentines, their settlement and lives are also structurally shaped, as they are embedded in and subject to shifting socio-economic variables stemming from the wider social, economic, and political conditions of the host society.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Wahlbeck, Östen, "Work in the Kebab Economy : A Study of the Ethnic Economy of Turkish Immigrants in Finland" 7 (7): 543-563, 2007

2 Wahlbeck, Östen, "Through the Eye of the Needle: Immigrants and Enterprise in New York’s Garment Trades" New York University Press 1986

3 Fong, Eric, "The Social Consequences of Participating in the Ethnic Economy" 36 (36): 125-146, 2002

4 Basu, Anuradha, "The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship" Oxford University Press 580-600, 2006

5 Kasinitz, Philip, "The Next Generation: Immigrant Youth in a Comparative Perspective" New York University Press 229-248, 2011

6 Farley, Reynolds, "The New Second Generation in the United States" 36 (36): 669-701, 2002

7 Portes, Alejandro, "The New Second Generation : Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants" 530 : 74-96, 1993

8 Barrett, Giles, "The Economic Embeddedness of Immigrant Enterprise in Britain" 8 (8): 11-31, 2002

9 Rumbaut, Rubén G, "The Crucible Within : Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem, and Segmented Assimilation Among Children of Immigrants" 28 (28): 748-794, 1994

10 Kim, Dae Young, "Stepping-Stone to Intergenerational Mobility? The Springboard, Safety Net, or Mobility Trap Functions of Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurship for the Second Generation" 40 (40): 927-962, 2006

11 Portes, Alejandro, "Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology" 24 : 1-24, 1998

12 Portes, Alejandro, "Social Capital : Promise and Pitfalls of Its Role in Development" 32 (32): 529-547, 2000

13 Pécoud, Antoine, "Self-employment and Immigrants’ Incorporation: The Case of Turks in Germany" 22 (22): 247-261, 2003

14 Jeon, Gyeongsu, "Segyeui hanminjok (6): jungnammi [Koreans in the World (6): Latin America]" Tongirwon 1996

15 Zhou, Min, "Segmented Assimilation : Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research on the New Second Generation" 31 (31): 975-1008, 1997

16 Kim, Dae Young., "Second-Generation Korean Americans: The Struggle for Full Inclusion" LFB Scholarly 2013

17 Alba, Richard, "Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration" 31 (31): 826-874, 1997

18 Green, Nancy L., "Ready-to-Wear and Ready-to-Work: A Century of Industry and Immigrants in Paris and New York" Duke University Press 1997

19 Light, Ivan, "Race, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship in Urban America" Aldine de Gruyter 1995

20 Park, Hea-Jin, "Nobody Remembers the Losers: The Story of Korean Agricultural Emigration to South America" The Australian National University 2013

21 Alba, Richard, "Majority and Minority: The Dynamics of Race and Ethnicity in American Life" Allyn and Bacon 327-335, 1998

22 Portes, Alejandro, "Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation" University of California Press 2001

23 Son, Jeongsu., "Jungnammi hanin ui yeoksa [Korean Experience in Latin America]" Guksapyeonchanwiwonhoe 2007

24 Morokvasic, Mirjana, "Immigration and Entrepreneurship: Culture, Capital, and Ethnic Networks" Transaction Publishers 75-95, 1993

25 Morokvasic, Mirjana, "Immigrants in the Parisian Garment Industry" 1 (1): 441-462, 1987

26 Light, Ivan, "Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles, 1965-1982" University of California Press 1982

27 Waldinger, Roger, "Immigrant Enterprise in the New York Garment Industry" 32 (32): 60-71, 1984

28 Volery, Thierry, "Handbook of Research on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship: A Coevolutionary View on Resource Management" Edward Elgar Publishing 30-41, 2007

29 Granovetter, Mark S., "Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers" University of Chicago Press 1995

30 Min, Pyong Gap, "From White-Collar Occupations to Small Business : Korean Immigrants’ Occupational Adjustment" 25 (25): 333-352, 1984

31 Lieberson, Stanley, "From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America" Russell Sage Foundation 1988

32 Kim, Kwang Chung, "Ethnic Resources Utilization of Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurs in the Chicago Minority Area" 19 (19): 82-111, 1985

33 Waldinger, Roger, "Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies" Sage Publications 1990

34 Light, Ivan, "Ethnic Economies" Academic Press 2000

35 Portes, Alejandro, "Embeddedness and Immigration : Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action" 98 (98): 1320-1350, 1993

36 Lee, Jeong-Kyu, "Educational Fever and South Korean Higher Education" 8 (8): 1-14, 2006

37 Martínez Pizarro, Jorge, "Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)—United Nations. Población y Desarrollo 3" 2000

38 Esteban, Fernando Osvaldo, "Dinámica migratoria argentina : inmigración y exilios[Migration Trends in Argentina : Immigration and Exile]" 34 : 15-34, 2003

39 Kim, Dae Young., "Becoming New Yorkers: Ethnographies of the New Second Generation" Russell Sage Foundation 154-188, 2004

40 Lee, Gyobeom., "Areuhentina haninimin 25nyeonsa [History of 25 Years of Korean Immigration in Argentina]" Seonyeongsa 1992