This dissertation consists of two essays on the impact of natural disasters on corporate financial policies. The first essay, titled “Risk salience and risk-shifting in corporate pension plans: Evidence from hurricane strikes” examines whether fir...
This dissertation consists of two essays on the impact of natural disasters on corporate financial policies. The first essay, titled “Risk salience and risk-shifting in corporate pension plans: Evidence from hurricane strikes” examines whether firms alter pension risk in response to nearby hurricane strikes in the United States. Using firm-level data matched with county-level hurricane exposure, I focus on neighbor firms geographically close to disaster zones but not directly affected by the hurricanes. I find that neighbor firms increase pension underfunding and adopt more aggressive actuarial assumptions in the year following a nearby hurricane, while directly affected firms show no significant change. These effects are concentrated among firms located near highly destructive hurricanes and those with weaker union strength, where salient disasters heighten perceived default risk and amplify managerial incentives to adjust pension funding discretion. Further analysis reveals that the risk-shifting response attenuates with repeated exposure and lasts for only two years following the disaster. Moreover, there is no corresponding change in firm fundamentals. Overall, our findings provide new evidence that salient disaster influence an important form of risk-shifting through corporate pension policies.
The second essay, titled “Natural Disasters and Income Smoothing” investigates how firms adjust their financial reporting behavior in response to disaster-induced uncertainty, focusing on the use of income smoothing as a signaling mechanism. Natural disasters generate sudden and substantial shocks that heighten operational and financial uncertainty, intensifying information frictions between firms and capital providers. Using a large sample of U.S. firms from 1990 to 2020, I document that firms headquartered in disaster-affected counties increase income smoothing in the years following major natural disasters. This effect remains robust across alternative disaster intensity measures, a stacked difference-in-differences design, and propensity score matching. Further analyses show that the disaster-induced increase in smoothing is concentrated among firms with higher investment and growth opportunities, higher leverage, and greater default risk, as well as those facing higher information asymmetry, consistent with the notion that smoothing serves to reassure capital providers in the presence of heightened uncertainty. The increase is not observed among non-affected neighboring firms, suggesting that the result is not driven by changes in managerial perception of risk but by firms’ responses to stakeholders’ heightened information demand. Decomposition of smoothing into informational and garbling components reveals that the increase is concentrated in the informational component, indicating that post-disaster smoothing enhances, rather than diminishes, earnings informativeness. Overall, the findings highlight income smoothing as a credible signaling device through which firms mitigate disaster-induced information frictions in capital markets.