Historical Analogy and Demonization of Others: Memory of 1930s’ Japanese Militarism and Its Contemporary Implications

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Some pundits in Beijing and Tokyo use the analogy of Japan’s militarism in the 1930s as a vantage point through which to interpret each other’s present and future behavior. While those in Tokyo have likened China’s recent offensive posture to that of Japan’s military in the early 1930s, those in Beijing see the Abe’s proactive pacifism as a prelude to the revival of its 1930s militarism. The paper aims at elucidating the dynamics of mutual demonization between China and Japan that is anchored in the ‘Siamese twin’ analogy of the 1930s episode. We argue that shadow projection, scapegoat behavior, revival of geopolitical discourses, and identity politics have been by and large responsible for the dilemma of mutual demonization and that domestic political abuse and misuse of historical narratives and subsequently the formation of a transnational coalition among adversaries have further complicated the situation.
Such mutual demonization process casts worrisome implications for bilateral relations between China and Japan in particular and peace and stability in Northeast Asia in general. The paper concludes that political leadership, civil society, and mass media in each country should work hard to prevent an excessive politicization of memory politics and to block the formation of a transnational adversarial coalition among ultra-nationalists.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이정남, "조화세계(和谐世界)론을 통해서 본 중국의 동아시아 질서구상: 중화질서(中華秩序)와의 비교를 중심으로" 한국국제정치학회 50 (50): 37-60, 2010

2 이삼성, "제국과 식민지에서의 ‘제국': 20세기 전반기 일본과 한국에서 ‘제국’의 개념적 기능과 인식" 한국국제정치학회 52 (52): 7-40, 2012

3 박영준, "인간, 국가, 국제체제, 그리고 일본의 전쟁: 근대 일본의 전쟁원인을 통해 본 21세기 일본안보정책 평가" 한국국제정치학회 45 (45): 259-281, 2005

4 백영서, "변하는 것과 변하지 않는 것―한중관계의 과거·현재·미래" 역사문제연구소 (101) : 191-213, 2012

5 정일준, "미국제국과 한국: 한미관계를 넘어서" 한국사회사학회 (96) : 113-150, 2012

6 Cashman, Greg, "What Causes War" Lexington Books 1993

7 Fujioka, Nobukats, "Way dose China come to Occupy Senkaku?" Jiyusha 2012

8 Zhang, Zhijun, "Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Zhijun Gave Briefing to Chinese and Foreign Journalists on the Diaoyu Dao Issue ,Transcript" Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China

9 Katayama, Morihide, "Unfinished Fascism" Shinchosha 2012

10 Okonogi, Masao, "Understanding Japanese Strategic Thinking" SERI 2013

11 Kokubun, Ryosei, "Understanding Japanese Strategic Thinking" SERI 2013

12 Glaser, Bonnie S., "Through Beijing’s Eyes: China Sees the U.S.-Japan Alliance" The National Interest

13 Maruyama, Masao, "Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politic" Miraisha 1992

14 Holms, James, "Thinking about Unthinkable: War in the Senkakus"

15 Rachman, Gideon, "The Shadow of 1914 Falls over the Pacific”" Financial Times

16 Inoguchi, Takashi, "The Rise of ‘Abegeopolitics’: Japan’s New Engagement with the World" 9 (9): 2014

17 Wallace, Jeremy L., "The Political Geography of Nationalist Protest in China : Cities and the 2012 Anti-Japanese Protests" 222 : 2015

18 Bush, Richard C, "The Perils of Proximity: China-Japan Security Relations" Brookings Institution Press 2010

19 Kivimäki, Timo A, "The Long Peace of East Asia" Ashgate 2014

20 aplan, Robert D., "The Geography of Chinese Power: How Far Can Beijing Reach on Land and at Sea?" 89 (89): 2010

21 Lebow, Richard Ned, "The Future of Memory" 617 : 2008

22 Cronin, Patrick M., "The Emerging Asia Power Web: The Rise of Bilateral Intra-Asian Security Ties" Center for a New American Security

23 Su, Jinyuan, "The East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone and International Law" 14 (14): 2015

24 Steinhafel, Margaret, "The Domestic and International Effects of Nationalist Activism in the Chinese Online Sphere"

25 Katzenstein, Peter J, "The Culture of National Security : Norms and Identity in World Politics" Columbia University Press 1996

26 Aso, Taro, "The Arc of Freedom and Prosperity: Japan’s Expanding Diplomatic Horizons" Speech on the Occasion of the Japan Institute of International Affairs Seminar

27 Lind, Jennifer, "Sorry States : Apologies in International Politics" Cornell University Press 2008

28 Okawa, Shumei, "Some Issues in Re-emerging Asia" Daitokaku 1922

29 McGuigan, Richard, "Shadows, Conflict, and the Mediator" 26 (26): 2009

30 Levy, Paul, "Shadow Projection: The Fuel of War"

31 Hiroshi Nakanishi, "Reorienting Japan? Security Transformation Under the Second Abe Cabinet" 극동문제연구소 39 (39): 405-421, 2015

32 Sherman, Wendy R., "Remarks on Northeast Asia"

33 Abe, Shinzo, "Remarks by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on the Occasion of Accepting Hudson Institute’s 2013 Herman Kahn Award"

34 문정인, "Reactive Nationalism and South Korea’s Foreign Policy on China and Japan: A Comparative Analysis" 국제관계연구소 25 (25): 331-355, 2010

35 Morris-Suzuki, Tessa, "Re-Branding Abe-Nationalsim" Nautilus Peace and Security Policy Forum

36 Tang, Yongsheng, "Prospect of China-US-Japan Trilateral Relations and China’s Strategic Choice" (1) : 2014

37 Abe, Shinzo, "Prime Ministerial Instruction at the Defense University"

38 Suh, Seung-won, "Power Shift in EastAsia and Changes in Japan’s External Strategy" East Asia Foundation 2014

39 Kitaoka, Shinich, "Peace in the Modern Era and the Right of Collective Self-Defense" 20 (20): 2014

40 Kayahara, Ikugo, "Party-Military Relations in China" 4 : 2010

41 Ienaga, Saburo, "Pacific War" Iwanami Shoten 2000

42 Suh, Seung-won, "North Wind and Sunshine: Japan’s Economic Diplomacy to China" Korea University Press 2012

43 National Security Council of Japan, "National Security Strategy ,December 17 2013"

44 Japan’s Ministry of Defense, "National Defense Program Guidelines for FY 2014 and beyond"

45 Kita, Ikki, "Modern History Materials 5: Statist Movement 2" Misuzu Shobo 1964

46 Imai, Seiichi, ed, "Modern History Materials 4: Statist Movement 1" Misuzu Shobo 1963

47 Malik, Mohan, "Maritime Security in the Indo-Pacific : Perspectives from China, India and the United States" Rowman and Littlefield 2014

48 Ogata, Sadako, "Manchurian Incident: Policy Making Process" Iwanami Shoten 2011

49 Agnew, John, "Making Political Geography, 2nd edition" Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc 2012

50 The U.S and Japan Security Consultative Committee, "Joint Statement of the Security Consultative Committee: A Stronger Alliance for a Dynamic Security Environment, The New Guidelines for U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation"

51 U.S.-Japan Security Consultative Committee, "Joint Declaration"

52 Harlan, Chico, "Japan’s Prime Minister Shinzo Abe : Chinese need for conflict ‘deeply ingrained’"

53 Metraux, Daniel, "Japan’s Historical Myopia" 18 (18): 2000

54 Curtis, Gerald L., "Japan’s Cautious Hawks : Why Tokyo is Unlikely to Pursue an Aggressive Foreign Policy" 92 (92): 2013

55 Millner, Jonathan Berkshire, "Japan’s Adjustment to New Geopolitical Realities in East Asia" 8 (8): 2013

56 Jameson, Sam, "Japanese Politicians Fail to Agree on WWII Statement"

57 Furuya, Tetsuo, "Japan-China War" Iwanami Shoten 1985

58 Okada, Minoru, "Japan-China Relations and ODA" Nihon Kyohosha 2008

59 Shim, Kyu Sun, "Japan, Journalism, Nationalism" 126 (126): 2013

60 Huges, Christopher R., "Japan in the Politics of Chinese Leadership Legitimacy : Recent Developments in Historical Perspective" 20 (20): 2008

61 Suh, Seung-won, "Japan Review 2010" Moon Publishing Company 2010

62 Shambaugh, David, "Introduction : Imaging Demons : The Rise of Negative Imagery in U. S. -China Relations" 12 (12): 2003

63 Smith, Sheila A, "Intimate Rivals : Japanese Domestic Politics and a Rising China" Columbia University Press 2015

64 Nakanishi, Terumasa, "Imminent Day of Japan-China Cold-War" PHP Shinsho 2012

65 Nakamura, Takafusa, "History of the Showa Era I: 1926-45" Toyo Keizai Shinposha 1993

66 Fujiwara, Akira, "History of Japanese Military ,volume 1 The Pre-war Part" Shakai Hihyosha 2006

67 Okawa, Shumei, "History of Anglo-American Aggression in East Asia" Daiichi Shobo 1941

68 Grygiel, Jakub J, "Great Powers and Geopolitical Changes" Johns Hopkins University 2011

69 Agnew, John, "Geopolitics: Revisioning World Politics, 2nd edition" Routledge 2003

70 Hiramatsu, Shigeo, "Geopolitical Strategic Environment of Japan and China" 19 (19): 2001

71 Zhao, Suisheng, "Foreign Policy Implications of Chinese Nationalism Revisited : The Strident Turn" 22 (22): 2013

72 Funabashi, Funabashi, "Examining Japan’s Lost Decades" Routledge 2015

73 Ji, Zhiye, "Essence and Internal Logic of the Overheating Contradictions between China and Japan" (1) : 2014

74 Sakurai, Yoshiko, "Determination to Oppose China" Shogakukan 2012

75 Rachman, Gideon, "Davos Leaders: Shinzo Abe on WW1 Parallels, Economics and Women at Work" Financial Times

76 Amako, Satoshi, "Confrontation between China and Japan" Hanul 2013

77 Shambaugh, David, "Civil-Military Relations in China : Party-Army or National Military?" 16 : 2002

78 Swaine, Michael D., "Chinese Views Regarding the Senkaku/Dioyu Islands Dispute" (4) : 2013

79 Mizoguchi, Yuzo, "Chinese Impact" University of Tokyo Press 2004

80 Tsuchiya, Takahiro, "China’s Military Command and Military Professionalization" 2012

81 Shambaugh, David, "China’s Leadership Transition: Will It Go Deep Enough?" 8 (8): 2013

82 Yoo, Dong Won, "China’s Foreign Policy and Core Interests" 20 : 2011

83 Kotani, Shunsuke, "China’s Advance into Ocean and Its Operations for Maintaining ‘Maritime Interest’ in the South China Sea"

84 Kokubun, Ryosei, "China, Now" Iwanami Shoten 2011

85 Iokibe, Makoto, "China, Now" Iwanami Shoten 2011

86 Asano, Ryo, "China, Now" Iwanami Shoten 2011

87 Shi, Yinhong, "China needs to change its Way of Thinking and Strategy on Sino-Japan Relations" (1) : 2014

88 Manicom, James, "Bringing Troubled Water: China, Japan and Maritime Order in the East China Sea" Georgetown University Press 2014

89 Lebow, Richard Ned, "Between Peace and War : The Nature of International Crises" Johns Hopkins University Press 1981

90 Deng, Xiaoping, "Basic Materials of Japan-China Relations, 1970-1992" Kazankai 1978

91 Abe, Shinzo, "Asia’s Democratic Security Diamond"

92 Leifer, Michael, "Asian Nationalism" Routledge 2000

93 Im, Jie-hyun, "Adversarial Accomplices" Sonamu 2005

94 Liu, Jiang-yong, "Abe-Aso Regime and Sino-Japanese Relations" (6) : 2013

95 Jung, C. G., "AION: Researches in the Phenomenology of the Self, 2nd edition" Routledge & Kegan Paul 1974

96 Kitaoka, Shinichi, "A New Asian Order and the Role of Japan" 18 (18): 2011

97 Moss, Trefer, "7 Reasons China and Japan Won’t go to War"

98 브루스커밍스, "1등 (혹은 2등): 1894~2014년간의 동아시아 질서에서 일본에 대한 미국의 선호" 아시아연구소 4 (4): 133-163, 2015

99 New Perspective Quarterly, "1914 or 1950 in Asia" 31 (31): 2014