Social stress in the United States : links to regional patterns in crime and illness

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PART ONE Stress and Society
• CHAPTER 1 A Sociological Perspective on Stress = 3
• The Social Aspects of Stress = 3
• Sociological and Life Events Approaches to Stress = 5
• The Sociological Tradition = 5
• The Life Events Tradition = 8
• Integrating the Two Traditions = 10
• Theoretical and Practical Importance of Research on Social Stress = 11
• Theoretical Issues = 11
• Practical Contributions = 13
• Methodological Contributions = 14
• CHAPTER 2 Measurement of Social System Stress = 15
• Stress as a Multidimensional Concept = 15
• Development of the State Stress Index (SSI) = 17
• Importance of a Composite Index = 17
• Life Events Indicators = 18
• Referent Year for Stress Index = 22
• Pilot Study Versions of the SSI = 23
• Special Versions for Health and for Crime Analyses = 23
• Subscales for "Positive" and "Negative" Events = 24
• Reliability of the SSI = 25
• Item Analysis and Factor Structure = 25
• Two Conceptual Issues = 30
• Social Change Versus Change-Inducing Stressors = 30
• Interpretation of System Level Life Events Scores = 30
• States as Units for the Analysis = 31
• CHAPTER 3 Life Stresses in American States and Regions = 37
• How the States Rank = 37
• The Overall Stress Index = 37
• Individual Stressors in High and Low Stress States = 42
• Regional Differences in Life Stressors = 49
• Regional Patterns in the Overall SSI = 49
• Regional Patterns of Specific Stressors = 52
• Some Social-Structural Correlates of Stress = 52
• Control Variable = 52
• Buffer Variable = 58
• PART TWO The Correlates of Stress
• CHAPTER 4 Stress, Crime, and Violence = 65
• Previous Research on Stress and Crime = 65
• Individual vs. Social System Level Analysis = 68
• Theoretical Rationale = 69
• Direct Psychological Response to Stress = 69
• Strength of External Constranits = 69
• Culture of Violence = 70
• Change and Destabilization = 70
• Tolerance Levels, Law Enforcement, and Reporting of Crimes = 71
• The Geography of Crime = 71
• State Differences = 71
• Regional Patterns = 75
• Intercorrelations of Crime Variables = 76
• Social Stress and Crime = 77
• Net and Interactive Effects of Stress on Crime = 79
• Control for Spurious Relationships = 79
• Buffer Variables and Interactive Effects = 80
• Stress and Violent Crime = 81
• Stress and Property Crime = 85
• Explanations of the Stress-Crime Relationship = 88
• CHAPTER 5 Stress, Maladaptive Behavior, and Disease = 89
• Maladaptive Behavior = 89
• Geographic Distribution of Maladaptive Behaviors = 90
• Correlation of Maladaptive Behavior with Social Stress = 95
• Net and Interactive Effects of Stress on Maladaptive Behavior = 97
• Summary for Maladaptive Behavior = 106
• Stress and Disease = 107
• Peptic Ulcers = 109
• Asthma = 109
• Tuberculosis = 112
• Heart Disease = 112
• Stress and the Immune System = 113
• Respiratory Diseases = 113
• Pneumonia = 114
• Infectious and Parasitic Diseases = 114
• Stress and Leukemia = 114
• Sex Differences = 115
• On the Lack of Correlation Between Social Stress and Illness = 116
• Summary = 118
• PART THREE Context and Conclusions = 123
• CHAPTER 6 Theories, Levels, and Applications = 123
• State and Individual-Level Stress = 123
• Relationship Between Levels of Stress = 123
• Correlation of State Stress Index with Individual Stress Scores = 125
• Combined Effects of Social System Stress and Individual Stress = 126
• Stressful Life Events and Social Disorganization Theory = 130
• Commonality of Social Disorganization and Life Events Theory = 130
• Unique Aspects of Life Events Theory = 133
• Integration of Social disorganization and Life Events Theories = 134
• Stressful Life Events and Societal Reaction = 135
• Cultural Factors in Shaping the Directions of Stress Outcomes = 137
• Stress, Alcohol Norms, and Alcohol Problems = 137
• Practical Implications = 139
• Location Decisions = 139
• Evaluating Growth = 140
• Potential for Needs Assessment = 140
• Future Research on Social Stress = 142
• Conclusion = 143
• References to Data Sources = 145
• References = 155
• Index = 165