Higher education in China

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 History of Higher Education = 1
• 1.1 Higher Learning in Ancient Times = 1
• 1.1.1 Confucius and His Private Academe = 1
• 1.1.2 The Taixue (Institution of Supreme Learning) and Shuyuan (Academy or Scholarly Society) = 2
• 1.2 Modern Higher Education = 4
• 1.2.1 The Modern College in China = 4
• 1.2.2 The Modern University in China = 7
• 1.2.3 Modern Higher Education in the Republic of China (1911–1949) = 8
• 1.3 Contemporary Higher Education = 11
• 1.3.1 Higher Education in the Early Years of the PRC (1949–1966) = 11
• 1.3.2 Higher Education During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) = 12
• 1.3.3 Higher Education in the New Era (Since 1978) = 12
• 2 Structure of Higher Education = 17
• 2.1 Forms = 17
• 2.1.1 Form of Higher Education = 17
• 2.1.2 Form of Ownership = 18
• 2.2 Levels = 20
• 2.3 Disciplines = 23
• 2.4 Categories of Institutions = 27
• 2.4.1 Discipline-Based Categories : Single-Discipline Institutions, Multidisciplinary Institutions, and Comprehensive Universities = 28
• 2.4.2 Function–Based Categories : Teaching Institutions, Teaching-Research Institutions, and Research Universities = 30
• 3 Higher Education Management = 33
• 3.1 The Ownership System = 33
• 3.2 The Administrative System = 34
• 3.2.1 Administration of Higher Education = 34
• 3.2.2 Decentralization of Higher Education Administration After 1985 = 37
• 3.2.3 Changes of Higher Education Coordination = 42
• 3.3 The Funding System = 48
• 3.3.1 Diversification of Higher Education Funding = 48
• 3.3.2 Growth of Private Higher Education = 51
• 3.3.3 Government Expenditures on Education = 52
• 3.4 Planning and Evaluation = 53
• 3.4.1 State Education Plans = 53
• 3.4.2 Evaluation of Higher Education = 54
• 3.5 The Organizational Management of HEIs = 61
• 3.5.1 Organization and Structure of HEIs = 61
• 3.5.2 Leadership System of HEIs = 62
• 3.5.3 Rules and Regulations of HEIs = 65
• 4 Admission and Graduate Employment = 67
• 4.1 College Admission = 67
• 4.1.1 Reforms of Admission = 69
• 4.1.2 Forms of Admission = 71
• 4.2 Postgraduate Admission = 74
• 4.2.1 Master's Admission = 74
• 4.2.2 Doctoral Admission = 82
• 4.3 Graduate Employment : Policy Changes and Current Situation = 86
• 4.3.1 Policy Changes = 86
• 4.3.2 Current Situation = 88
• 5 Specialized Higher Education = 91
• 5.1 Summary = 91
• 5.1.1 Levels of Tertiary Education = 91
• 5.1.2 Programs of Tertiary Education = 93
• 5.2 Mission and Programs = 94
• 5.3 Curriculum = 99
• 5.3.1 Structure of the Curriculum = 99
• 5.3.2 Sequence of Courses in the Curriculum = 104
• 5.3.3 Degree of Control Over Curricular Content = 104
• 5.4 Establishment and Adjustment of Specialties = 105
• 5.5 Modes of Education = 108
• 5.5.1 Alternative Work and Study Mode = 109
• 5.5.2 College-Industry Collaborative Mode = 110
• 5.5.3 Employment / Position-Oriented or Made-to-Order Mode = 110
• 5.5.4 Platform Plus Module Mode = 111
• 5.5.5 Learning by Doing Mode = 111
• 5.6 The Management System of Teaching = 112
• 6 Undergraduate Education = 117
• 6.1 Summary = 117
• 6.2 Missions and Programs = 117
• 6.3 Curriculum = 120
• 6.3.1 Curriculum for Undergraduate Education Before 1985 = 120
• 6.3.2 Curriculum of Undergraduate Education After 1985 = 125
• 6.4 Establishment and Adjustment of Undergraduate Specialties = 132
• 6.5 Modes of Education = 138
• 6.6 The Management System of Teaching = 141
• 7 Postgraduate Education = 145
• 7.1 Overview = 145
• 7.2 Academic Degrees System = 147
• 7.2.1 Establishment of Academic Degrees Ordinance of the PRC = 147
• 7.2.2 Basic Characteristics of the Academic Degrees System = 149
• 7.3 Master's Degree Education = 151
• 7.3.1 Recent Developments = 151
• 7.3.2 New Directions = 153
• 7.4 Doctoral Education = 158
• 7.4.1 Recent Developments = 158
• 7.4.2 New Directions = 160
• 8 Research in HEIs = 165
• 8.1 Present State of Research in HEIs = 165
• 8.1.1 The Research System in HEIs = 166
• 8.1.2 Personnel Engaged in Research at HEIs = 166
• 8.1.3 Research Capacity of HEIs = 167
• 8.1.4 Social Contribution of Researches Conducted by HEIs = 168
• 8.2 Features of Research in HEIs = 169
• 8.3 Organizational Structure of Research in HEIs = 170
• 8.4 Operation Mechanism of Research in HEIs = 172
• 9 Teaching Staff in HEIs = 175
• 9.1 Composition of Teaching Staff in HEIs = 175
• 9.2 Recruitment of Teaching Staff in HEIs = 179
• 9.3 Assessment of Teaching Staff in HEIs = 182
• 9.4 Compensation of Teaching Staff in HEIs = 184
• Appendix A : Higher Education Law of the People's Republic of China = 187
• Appendix B : Regulations on Academic Degrees of the People's Republic of China = 201
• Appendix C : '211 Project' and '985 Project' = 205
• Appendix D : National Model Tertiary Vocational and Technical Colleges = 213
• Appendix E : The Websites for the Related Data on Chinese Higher Education = 217
• References = 219
• Index = 229