평화의 두 가지 개념에 관한 논쟁: 적극적 평화와 소극적 평화 = Debate on Two Concepts of Peace: on Positive and Negative Peace

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

He who differentiated positive peace as absence of structural and cultural violence from negative peace as mere absence of violence was Johan Galtung. He maintains that If peace is defined as the absence of violence, regardless of the source of violence, then social order maintained by violence is regarded as also peace. In peace research the main target should be to realize the importance of the structural and cultural violences and try to tackle the problems. Criticizing the Galtung`s theory of peace, Kenneth Boulding pointed out that Galtung`s definition of negative and positive concepts of peace was mistaken and he failed to perceive the social realities because of his excessive egalitarian and structural thought. In Boulding`s critics, Galtung misunderstood entropy the second law of thermodynamics thereby identified entropy as a symbol of goodness and regards negentropy, that is, structure improbability, and potential, as evil. On the contrary, however, increasing social entropy means decreasing social potential, a sign of dying society. In fact Galtung is one of the radical theorists who seek drastic change of social structure. Too obsessed with structure and equality, he could not see social phenomena as they are. He predicted in 1953 economy of USSR(under Stalin) would soon overtake the West`s. Galtung championed Mao`s China and Castro`s Cuba. He listed Ronald Reagan as a super violent leader who repressed Lybia`s Qadhafi. I think those comments he made were so wide of the truth. Even if positive peace is a lofty ideal of mankind, in order to achieve such ideal we should achieve ``negative peace``(no war) first and then solve problems step by step admitting the limitation of human capacity.