인플루엔자 바이러스와 SARS-CoV-2는 현재 전 세계적으로 유행하는 급성 호흡기 바이러스이다. 매년 수많은 감염자와 사상자를 발생시키는 바이러스로 예방을 위한 백신이 있지만 빠른 변이 ...

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https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T16622394
청주 : 충북대학교, 2023
학위논문(박사) -- 충북대학교 , 의학과 미생물학전공 , 2023. 2
2023
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511.55 판사항(5)
충청북도
급성 호흡기 바이러스 및 변이 바이러스에 대한 항바이러스제의 In vitro 및 In vivo 효능 평가
xiii, 123 p. : 삽화, 표 ; 26 cm
충북대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호됩니다
지도교수: 송민석
참고문헌 : p.116-123
I804:43009-000000058378
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다운로드인플루엔자 바이러스와 SARS-CoV-2는 현재 전 세계적으로 유행하는 급성 호흡기 바이러스이다. 매년 수많은 감염자와 사상자를 발생시키는 바이러스로 예방을 위한 백신이 있지만 빠른 변이 ...
인플루엔자 바이러스와 SARS-CoV-2는 현재 전 세계적으로 유행하는 급성 호흡기 바이러스이다. 매년 수많은 감염자와 사상자를 발생시키는 바이러스로 예방을 위한 백신이 있지만 빠른 변이 발생으로 백신의 효능이 낮아졌다. 따라서 항바이러스제가 감염환자를 치료하기 위한 1차적인 수단으로 사용하고 있다. 대부분의 항바이러스제는 바이러스의 표면단백질, 중합효소 및 프로테아제와 같은 다양한 바이러스 단백질을 표적으로 개발되었다.
뉴라미니다제 억제제 (NAI)는 숙주 세포의 Sialic acid와 유사한 구조를 지녀 인플루엔자 바이러스의 뉴라미니다제 단백질과 구조적으로 결합하여 억제하게 된다. 하지만 NAI에 대한 내성 돌연변이가 지속적으로 발생하여 약물의 효용성이 감소하고 있다. 현재 사람에서 유행하는 대부분의 인플루엔자 바이러스에 대한 NAI 내성 변이 연구와는 달리, 미래에 사람에게 판데믹을 일으킬 수 있는 조류인플루엔자에 대한 NAI 내성 프로파일에 대한 연구가 부족하다. 선행연구를 통해 다양한 조류 인플루엔자 뉴라미니다제 (NA) 아형에서 72개의 Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir 내성 돌연변이를 선별하였다. 따라서 또 다른 NAI인 Laninamivir에서 내성 변이 프로파일을 수행하였고, 그 중 10개의 돌연변이가 Laninamivir에 대해 내성을 가졌다. In vitro에서 확인한 NAI 감수성이 In vivo 동물모델에서도 관련성이 있는지를 검증하기 위해 마우스 적응형 조류 인플루엔자 바이러스를 이용하여 평가하였다. H5N3-R292K 변이 바이러스는 In vitro에서 Laninamivir에 의해 억제되고 Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir에 대해 내성을 갖는다. H5N3-R292K 변이 바이러스를 마우스에 감염 후 Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir를 투여한 마우스에서는 30% 이하의 생존율을 보인반면, Laninamivir를 투여한 마우스에서는 80%의 생존율을 보여 In vitro 결과와 관련성이 높았다. H5N8-Q136K 변이 바이러스는 In vitro에서 Oseltamivir에 의해 억제되지만 Zanamivir, Peramivir, Laninamivir에 내성을 갖는다. H5N8-Q136K 변이 바이러스를 마우스에 감염 후 Zanamivir, Peramivir, Laninamivir를 투여한 마우스에서는 20% 이하의 생존율을 보였지만, Oseltamivir를 투여한 마우스는 70%의 생존율을 나타내어 마찬가지로 In-vitro - In vivo 약물 효능 관련성이 높다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 결과는 항바이러스제 내성 프로파일을 통해 미래에 발생가능한 조류인플루엔자 인체감염과 약제내성 변이 발생시 치료제 사용에 대한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.
SARS-CoV-2는 2019년 중국 우한시에서 처음 발생하여 2022년 현재까지 전 세계적으로 약 6억명의 감염자와 6백만명의 사망자를 발생시켰다. SARS-CoV-2 발생 이후 신속하게 백신을 개발하였지만 빠른 변이 발생으로 백신의 효능이 급격히 감소하여 치료제의 중요성이 더욱 대두되었다. 현재 SARS-CoV-2의 항바이러스제로 사용되는 약물인 Remdesivir와 Molnupiravir는 Nucleoside Analogue로 바이러스 유전체 중합 효소를 억제한다. 하지만 Remdesivir의 경우 혈관 내 주사제로 복용이 불편하며, Molnupiravir의 경우 임산부에 부작용이 나타날 수 있다. 3CL protease Inhibitor인 Nirmatrelvir는 짧은 반감기를 지녀 Ritonavir와 함께 투여하기 때문에 함께 복용해야하는 다른 약물 대사에 문제를 일으킬 수 있는 한계가 있다. 따라서 새로운 SARS-CoV-2 항바이러스제를 선별하기 위해 508개의 단일물질 및 Nucleoside analogue에 대해 In vitro 스크리닝을 하였다. 그 중 Z-FA-FMK가 높은 SARS-CoV-2 억제 효능을 보여 마우스 모델에서 효능을 검증하였다. 승인된 약물인 Nirmatrelvir (20mg/kg)와 Molnupiravir (20mg/kg)를 투여한 마우스에서는 SARS-CoV-2 감염시 43%가 생존하였으나 Z-FA-FMK (25mg/kg)를 투여한 마우스에서는 57%의 생존율이 확인되었다. 또한 최근 유행하고 있는 Omicron 하위변이인 BA.5에 대해서도 폐조직에서의 바이러스 증식 억제 효능을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 Z-FA-FMK가 SARS-CoV-2와 변이에 대한 억제 효과가 있으며 긴 생체내 약물 작용시간을 갖는 장점이 있어 SARS-CoV-2 감염환자에게 새로운 약물 투여 옵션으로 제안하고자 한다.
FDA 승인된 SARS-CoV-2 항바이러스제 3종 (Remdesivir, Molnupiravir, Nirmatrelvir)에 대해 마우스 모델에서 단일 그리고 병합효능을 평가하였다. Molnupiravir, Nirmatrelvir 그리고 Remdesivir를 단일 투여한 마우스는 SARS-CoV-2 바이러스 감염 시 각각 43%, 36%, 그리고 21%의 생존율을 보였다. 그러나 3CL protease인 Nirmatrelvir과 Nucleoside analogue인 Molnupiravir를 병합 투여한 마우스 그룹은 79%의 높은 생존율과 개선된 임상증상을 나타냈다. 또한, 감염된 마우스의 폐와 뇌조직에서 바이러스 역가가 유의미하게 감소하였다. 하지만 Nirmatrelvir와 Remdesivir를 병합 투여한 마우스 그룹에서는 단일투여에 비해 개선된 항바이러스 효능을 보이지 않았다. Nirmatrelvir와 Molnupiraivir의 병합투여 방법을 통해 SARS-CoV-2에 감염된 환자에게 개선된 약물 투여 대안을 제시하고자 한다.
다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)
Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 are currently circulating acute respiratory viruses worldwide. Although there are vaccines for prevention against the viruses that cause numerous infections and casualties yearly, the vaccine's effectiveness has been low...
Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 are currently circulating acute respiratory viruses worldwide. Although there are vaccines for prevention against the viruses that cause numerous infections and casualties yearly, the vaccine's effectiveness has been lowered due to the rapid viral mutations. Therefore, antiviral agents are used as a primary measure to treat infected patients. Most antiviral agents have been developed to target viral proteins such as surface proteins, polymerases, and proteases.
Neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) has a structure similar to that of sialic acid in host cells and structurally binds to and inhibits the neuraminidase protein of influenza virus. However, mutations resistant to NAI continue to occur, reducing the drug's effectiveness. Unlike studies of NAI resistance mutations for most influenza viruses currently circulating in humans, there is a lack of studies on the NAI resistance profile for avian influenza that may cause human pandemics in the future. Through previous studies, 72 Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, and Peramivir-resistant mutants were selected from various avian influenza neuraminidase (NA) subtypes. Therefore, a resistance mutation profile was performed in another NAI, Laninamivir, and ten mutations were resistant to Laninamivir. To verify the relevance of the NAI susceptibility confirmed In vitro to an In vivo animal model, a mouse-adapted avian influenza virus was used for evaluation. The H5N3-R292K mutant virus is inhibited by Laninamivir In vitro and is resistant to Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, and Peramivir. After infection with the H5N3-R292K mutant virus, mice administered with Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, and Peramivir showed a survival rate of less than 30%, whereas mice administered with Laninamivir showed a survival rate of 80%, which was highly related to In vitro results. The H5N8-Q136K mutant virus is inhibited by Oseltamivir In vitro, but is resistant to Zanamivir, Peramivir, and Laninamivir. After infection with the H5N8-Q136K mutant virus, mice administered with Zanamivir, Peramivir, and Laninamivir showed a survival rate of less than 20%, but mice administered with Oseltamivir showed a survival rate of 70%, demonstrating high In vitro-In vivo correlation of drug susceptibility. These results can be used as an antiviral susceptibility database for the use of therapeutic agents in the event of avian influenza human infection and drug resistance mutations that may occur in the future through antiviral drug resistance profiles.
SARS-CoV-2 first emerged in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and has infected approximately 600 million people and killed 6 million worldwide by 2022. Although vaccines were quickly developed after the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, the efficacy of vaccines rapidly decreased due to rapid mutations, and the importance of therapeutics has emerged. Remdesivir and Molnupiravir, currently used as antiviral agents for SARS-CoV-2, are nucleoside analogs that inhibit viral genome polymerase. However, in the case of Remdesivir, it is inconvenient to take as an intravascular injection, and in the case of Molnupiravir, side effects may occur in pregnant women. Since Nirmatrelvir, a 3CL protease inhibitor, has a short half-life and is administered together with Ritonavir, it may cause problems with the metabolism of other drugs that must be taken together. Therefore, to develop a new SARS-CoV-2 antiviral agent, In vitro screening was performed for 508 single substances and nucleoside analogs. Among them, Z-FA-FMK showed high SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory efficacy, and its efficacy was verified in a mouse model. Mice administered with the approved drugs Nirmatrelvir (20mg/kg) and Molnupiravir (20mg/kg) survived SARS-CoV-2 infection by 43%, whereas mice administered with Z-FA-FMK (25mg/kg) survived 57%. In addition, the effect of inhibiting viral replication in tissues was also confirmed for both WT and BA.5, an Omicron sub-variant that has recently become popular. The results demonstrate that Z-FA-FMK has an inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2 and variant and has the advantage of long In vivo drug action time, so it is proposed as a new drug administration option for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Single and combined efficacies of three FDA-approved SARS-CoV-2 antivirals (Remdesivir, Molnupiravir, and Nirmatrelvir) were evaluated in mouse models. Mice given a single dose of Molnupiravir, Nirmatrelvir, and Remdesivir showed 43%, 36%, and 21% survival rates, respectively, when infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the mouse group administered with Nirmatrelvir, a 3CL protease, and Molnupiravir, a nucleoside analog, showed a high survival rate of 79% and improved clinical symptoms. In addition, virus titers were significantly decreased in infected mice's lung and brain tissues. However, the mouse group administered with Nirmatrelvir and Remdesivir did not show improved antiviral efficacy compared to a single administration. Here, we demonstrated that an alternative drug administration regimen improved SARS-CoV-2 viral inhibition and clinical outcome In vivo animal model, representing a potential option for treating patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 through the combined administration of Nirmatrelvir and Molnupiraivir.
목차 (Table of Contents)
참고문헌 (Reference)
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