Adults with developmental disabilities face complex and persistent challenges across multiple domains, including emotional awareness and regulation, interpersonal relationships, and adaptive functioning in daily life. These difficulties often intensif...
Adults with developmental disabilities face complex and persistent challenges across multiple domains, including emotional awareness and regulation, interpersonal relationships, and adaptive functioning in daily life. These difficulties often intensify during the transition to adulthood, a period marked by a sharp decline in educational access and diminished continuity of institutional support. According to the 2024 National Survey on the Work and Life Conditions of People with Developmental Disabilities in Korea, emotional problems—such as depression, anxiety, and stress—are reported as the most severe and frequent difficulties in daily life, closely associated with limitations in communication and deficits in adaptive behavior. Importantly, such emotional difficulties are not isolated intrapsychic phenomena; rather, they reflect the complex interplay of emotional recognition, emotion regulation strategies, and the individual’s capacity to adapt within real-life social contexts. Despite this, integrated psychosocial interventions targeting emotional and behavioral functioning remain extremely limited, particularly for adults with moderate to severe intellectual and communicative impairments. The lack of practical, strength-based intervention models tailored to the needs of this population highlights a critical gap in the current field.
Historically, educational and therapeutic support for individuals with developmental disabilities has been grounded in a deficit-based paradigm, emphasizing behavioral control and functional skill remediation. While such approaches may address surface-level maladaptation, they often neglect the individual's capacity for growth, self-determination, and psychological well-being. In contrast, a strengths-based approach—aligned with the tenets of positive psychology—has emerged as a promising alternative, emphasizing the identification and application of inherent psychological strengths to enhance quality of life and foster social integration. Theoretical frameworks such as Seligman’s PERMA model and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotion provide an empirically grounded foundation for interventions that cultivate positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment.
In response to this paradigm shift, this study aimed to develop and evaluate a structured, group-based positive psychology intervention tailored to adults with developmental disabilities, grounded in character strengths theory. The intervention was designed following a four-phase development framework—planning, design, implementation, and evaluation—and incorporated validated program design strategies (Kim et al., 2022). Drawing on a gap analysis between current and desired psychosocial states, a 12-session intervention program was developed, integrating the six domains of PERMA with character strengths-based activities. Expert validation and a pilot study were conducted to refine the content, sequence, and materials, ensuring appropriateness for adults with moderate to severe intellectual and communication impairments.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a strengths-based positive psychology group intervention on emotional functioning and adaptive behavior among adults with developmental disabilities. A quasi-experimental design was employed with 15 participants (experimental group = 7; control group = 8), and the intervention was delivered over 12 sessions across six weeks. The program was theoretically grounded in the PERMA model and character strengths framework, and tailored to participants' individual profiles using the ASPeCT-DD assessment. Quantitative outcomes were measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule–Parent Report (PANAS-PR), Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC), and K-Vineland-II adaptive behavior scale. Statistical significance was examined using mixed-design analysis of variance and paired-sample t-tests. Additionally, intervention fidelity was maintained throughout the program process through intervention fidelity evaluations based on the teaching and learning process for each session. The applicability of the program in the field was confirmed through social validity evaluations of participants and social workers in the field after the program. Finally, to complement the quantitative results and analyze the multidimensional aspects of the program's effectiveness, an interview was conducted with one social worker who observed all sessions of the program. This was qualitatively analyzed based on the NWKM effectiveness evaluation model(reaction, learning, behavior, results evaluation) among program effectiveness evaluation models.
Results revealed that the experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in emotional recognition compared to the control group, as evidenced by a statistically significant group × time interaction (η² = .456). Notably, mean emotional recognition scores increased from 3.52 to 4.06 in the experimental group, with a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.30). Although subscale-level changes in positive and negative affect did not reach statistical significance, the moderate-to-large effect sizes (Cohen’s d = 0.81, 0.73) suggest clinically meaningful improvements.
Emotion regulation abilities also showed significant improvement following participation in the program. A 2 (group) × 2 (time) mixed ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect (η² = .290), and the experimental group demonstrated a notable increase in emotion regulation scores from pre-test (M = 3.20) to post-test (M = 3.46), with a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.07). Notably, in the domain of maladaptive emotion regulation, reverse-coded scores significantly increased, indicating a reduction in emotional dysregulation (Cohen’s d = 1.34). These results suggest that the intervention contributed not only to a quantitative enhancement in emotion regulation but also to a qualitative improvement in emotional stability and coping strategies.
In the domain of adaptive behavior, the program demonstrated promising effects. Although the group × time interaction effect for the total score approached significance (p = .093), the effect size was moderate-to-large (η² = .202), and the within-group pre-post difference in the experimental group was substantial (Cohen’s d = 2.00). Significant improvements were specifically observed in the communication and daily living subdomains, suggesting that repeated emotion expression exercises and structured home-based assignments served as active components of the intervention. In contrast, no statistically significant improvement was found in the socialization domain (Cohen’s d = 0.439), indicating that the program intensity may have been insufficient to facilitate the internalization and generalization of social skills to everyday interpersonal contexts.
Qualitative findings, analyzed through the NWKM model (Reaction, Learning, Behavior, and Results), provided complementary evidence for the program's impact. Participants reported high satisfaction and emotional engagement (Reaction), increased use of emotional language and awareness of personal strengths (Learning), adoption of community norms and behavior transfer beyond sessions (Behavior), and enhanced emotional stability and interpersonal functioning (Results). In particular, participants showed more frequent emotional expression and empathetic responses in the latter sessions, and several reported improved family interactions as a result of the home-based tasks.
These findings underscore the viability of strengths-based psychological interventions as scalable, person-centered strategies for improving the well-being of adults with developmental disabilities, especially those underserved by traditional support systems.