Lutein decreases oxidative stress and inflammation in liver and eyes of guinea pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Guinea pigs were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (0.25 g/100 g cholesterol) and randomly allocated either to a Control group (n = 9) or to a Lutein (0.1 g/100 g) group (n = 10) for 12 weeks to evaluate oxidative stress and inflammation in both liver and eyes. alondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and inflammatory cytokines were measured as well as hepatic nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) binding. Lutein concentrations were greater in eyes (P < 0.01) and liver (P < 0.001) in the Lutein group. All guinea pigs had high concentrations of hepatic cholesterol as well as high plasma ALT and AST levels indicative of liver injury. However, the Lutein group had 43% lower hepatic free cholesterol than the Controls (P< 0.05). Hepatic MDA and MDA in the eye were lower in the Lutein compared to the Control group (P < 0.05). Hepatic tumor necrosis factor-α was 32% lower in the Lutein group (P < 0.05). Lastly, the Lutein group presented lower NF-κB DNA binding activity than the Control group (P< 0.001). These results suggest that in the presence of high cholesterol, lutein exerts both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which can be explained by attenuated NF-κB DNA binding activity. Furthermore, results also suggest that lutein accumulates in the eyes of guinea pigs to protect against oxidative stress.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Beatty S, "The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration" 45 : 115-134, 2000

2 Donoso LA, "The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration" 51 : 137-152, 2006

3 Debril MB, "The pleiotropic functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma" 79 : 30-47, 2001

4 김지희, "The non-provitamin A carotenoid, lutein, inhibits NF-??B-dependent gene expression through redox-based regulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/PTEN/Akt and NF-??B-inducing kinase pathways: Role of H2O2 in NF-??B activation" Elsevier BV 45 (45): 885-896, 200809

5 Robinson SM, "Role of nuclear factor kappaB in liver health and disease" 118 : 691-705, 2010

6 Ham WT Jr, "Retinal sensitivity to damage from short wavelength light" 260 : 153-155, 1976

7 Ruhl CE, "Relation of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity with iron and antioxidant levels in the United States" 124 : 1821-1829, 2003

8 Fernandez ML, "Regulation of cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in guinea pigs mediated by dietary fat quality and quantity" 121 : 934-943, 1991

9 Dwyer JH, "Progression of carotid intima-media thickness and plasma antioxidants: the Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study" 24 : 313-319, 2004

10 Dwyer JH, "Oxygenated carotenoid lutein and progression of early atherosclerosis: the Los Angeles atherosclerosis study" 103 : 2922-2927, 2001

11 Hollyfield JG, "Oxidative damageinduced inflammation initiates age-related macular degeneration" 14 : 194-198, 2008

12 Sanyal AJ, "Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities" 120 : 1183-1192, 2001

13 Luedde T, "NF-kappaB in the liver--linking injury, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma" 8 : 108-118, 2011

14 He G, "NF-kappaB and STAT3 - key players in liver inflammation and cancer" 21 : 159-168, 2011

15 Anstee QM, "Mouse models in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis research" 87 : 1-16, 2006

16 McClain CJ, "Mechanisms of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis" 34 : 67-79, 2004

17 Janero DR, "Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury" 9 : 515-540, 1990

18 Khachik F, "Lutein, lycopene, and their oxidative metabolites in chemoprevention of cancer" 22 : 236-246, 1995

19 Shanmugasundaram R, "Lutein supplementation alters inflammatory cytokine production and antioxidant status in F-line turkeys" 90 : 971-976, 2011

20 Ribaya-Mercado JD, "Lutein and zeaxanthin and their potential roles in disease prevention" 23 : 567-587, 2004

21 Catala A, "Lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids in the vertebrate retina" 3 : 52-60, 2011

22 Jin XH, "Inhibitory effects of lutein on endotoxin-induced uveitis in Lewis rats" 47 : 2562-2568, 2006

23 Schäffer MW, "Identification of lutein, a dietary antioxidant carotenoid in guinea pig tissues" 374 : 378-381, 2008

24 Clark RM, "Hypo- and hyperresponse to egg cholesterol predicts plasma lutein and betacarotene concentrations in men and women" 136 : 601-607, 2006

25 Preethi KC, "Hepato and reno protective action of Calendula officinalis L. flower extract" 47 : 163-168, 2009

26 Nair S, "Hepatic ATP reserve and efficiency of replenishing: comparison between obese and nonobese normal individuals" 98 : 466-470, 2003

27 Fernandez ML, "Guinea pigs as models for cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism" 131 : 10-20, 2001

28 Roy S, "Gender and hormonal status affect the hypolipidemic mechanisms of dietary soluble fiber in guinea pigs" 130 : 600-607, 2000

29 Carr TP, "Enzymatic determination of triglyceride, free cholesterol, and total cholesterol in tissue lipid extracts" 26 : 39-42, 1993

30 Selvaraj RK, "Effects of dietary lutein and PUFA on PPAR and RXR isomer expression in chickens during an inflammatory response" 157 : 198-203, 2010

31 Mai J, "Effect of lutein on relieving oxidative stress in mice induced by D-galatose" 39 : 430-432, 2010

32 Shanmugasundaram R, "Dietary lutein and fish oil interact to alter atherosclerotic lesions in a Japanese quail model of atherosclerosis" 95 : 762-770, 2011

33 Lin EC, "Dietary fat type and cholesterol quantity interact to affect cholesterol metabolism in guinea pigs" 122 : 2019-2029, 1992

34 Sindhu ER, "Carotenoid lutein protects rats from paracetamol-, carbon tetrachloride- and ethanolinduced hepatic damage" 62 : 1054-1060, 2010

35 Torres-Gonzalez M, "Carbohydrate restriction alters hepatic cholesterol metabolism in guinea pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet" 137 : 2219-2223, 2007

36 Krinsky NI, "Biologic mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye" 23 : 171-201, 2003

37 Young AJ, "Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of carotenoids" 385 : 20-27, 2001

38 Sindhu ER, "Antioxidant activity of carotenoid lutein in vitro and in vivo" 48 : 843-848, 2010

39 Kim JE, "A lutein-enriched diet prevents cholesterol accumulation and decreases oxidized LDL and inflammatory cytokines in the aorta of guinea pigs" 141 : 1458-1463, 2011

40 Puri P, "A lipidomic analysis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease" 46 : 1081-1090, 2007