다문화주의에서 시민통합으로: 네덜란드의 이민자 통합정책 = Immigrants Integration Policy in the Netherlands

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper aims to examine immigrants integration policy in the Netherlands, which has been paid attentions when the key political leaders in Europe recently declared the failure of multiculturalism. Studying the Dutch case is worthwhile because the Netherlands was a pioneer who took initiatives in shifting the basic direction of immigrants integration policy from multiculturalism to civic integration. The idea of civic integration claims that the basic knowledge of language, history, and institution for receiving countries is indispensable to immigrant integration. We investigate the legal status of marriage-migrants, which indicates tougher restrictions on family migration. We also explore the current implementation system for social incorporation policy which includes the contents, programs, and implementation system for social incorporation policy as well as its governance system. Social integration policies for immigrants are covered by the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations and the Immigration and Naturalization Service in cooperation with the Ministry of Security and Justice, the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. While the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations establishes immigration policy, the Immigration and Naturalization Service implements that policy. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issues visas, and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport is in charge of welfare policy and family policy. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment takes responsibility of labor market policy. The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science is responsible for education policy. Since the 1990s, neoliberal ideas that emphasized personal responsibility were reflected on immigration policies. As immigration controls have been strengthened, the social integration policies for immigrants have been in decline.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

최근 유럽의 정상들이 다문화주의의 실패를 선언하면서 네덜란드의 이민자 사회통합정책이 주목받고 있다. 왜냐하면 유럽의 이민자 사회통합정책이 다문화주의 모델에서 시민통합 정책으로 선회하고 있는데 이를 가장 먼저 주도한 국가가 네덜란드이기 때문이다. 시민통합 정책은 이민자들이 수용국 사회의 언어, 역사, 제도에 대한 기본적 지식을 습득하는 것이 이민자 통합에서 필수적임을 강조하고 있다. 본 연구는 네덜란드의 변화된 이민자 사회통합정책에서 중요한 요소인 가족이민의 조건 강화 중 특히 결혼이민자의 법적 지위, 이민자 사회통합정책의 추진체계를 분석하고, 이민자 사회통합정책을 두 가지로 나누어 이민자 대상 사회통합정책과 시민 대상 사회통합정책으로 나누어 살펴보고자 한다. 네덜란드의 이민자 사회통합 관련 업무는 내무·왕국관계부와 이민·귀화청이 법무부, 보건·복지·스포츠부, 사회·고용부, 교육·문화·과학부, 외무부 등과 협조 관계를 맺으며 추진한다. 내무·왕국관계부에서는 이민정책 수립 기능을 맡고, 이민·귀화청에서는 이민정책의 집행기능을 맡는다. 외국인의 입국 관리, 불법체류자 단속과 강제 퇴거 업무는 범무부에서 담당한다. 외무부는 사증업무, 보건·복지·스포츠부는 복지정책과 가족정책, 사회·고용부는 노동시장 정책, 교육·문화·과학부에서는 교육정책을 다룬다. 1990년대 이후 ‘개인의 책임’을 강조하는 신자유주의 정책이 이민정책에도 투영되면서, 네덜란드의 이민자 사회통합정책은 이민통제를 강화하는 정책들에 밀려 퇴조하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 장붕익, "핌 포르퇴인(Pim Fortuyn)이 네덜란드 정치에 미친 영향" EU연구소 (27) : 155-179, 2010

2 고상두, "이주자 사회통합모델의 비교분석: 네덜란드, 독일, 한국의 사례" 한국정치학회 46 (46): 241-264, 2012

3 설동훈, "외국인 혐오 범죄와 다문화 정책"

4 유숙란, "독일과 네덜란드의 이주민 정치적 통합정책 비교: 외국인의 지방참정권 확대정책을 중심으로" 21세기정치학회 20 (20): 239-262, 2010

5 주경철, "다문화주의에서 ‘문화전쟁’으로 ― 네덜란드 이주민 통합 문제 ―" 이화사학연구소 (35) : 59-82, 2007

6 설동훈, "다문화가족 사회통합 관련 정책과제 개발 및 발전방안 연구" 여성가족부 2011

7 Castles, Stephen, "Will Labour Migration lead to a Multicultural Society in Korea?" 2007

8 UN, "UN Report of the Secretary-General “International Migration and Development”"

9 Winter, Elke, "Trajectories of Multiculturalism in Germany, the Netherlands, and Canada: In Search of Common Patterns" 45 (45): 166-186, 2010

10 Entzinger, Han, "The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism: The Case of the Netherlands, In Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States" Palgrave 59-86, 2003

11 Muus, Philip, "The Netherlands: A Pragmatic Approach to Economic Needs and Humanitarian Considerations, In Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective" Stanford University Press 263-288, 2004

12 Castles, Stephen, "The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World" The Guilford Press 2009

13 Sustainable Governance Indicators, "Security and Integration: Integration Report 2009 — Do Policies Support the Integration of Migrants into Society?" Bertelsmann Stiftung 2009

14 Duyvendak, Jan Willem, "Questioning the Dutch Multicultural Model of Immigrant Integration"

15 Kymlicka, Will, "Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future" 2012

16 OECD, "Jobs for Immigrants (Vol. 2) Labour Market Integration in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Portugal" Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development 2008

17 OECD, "International Migration Outlook: SOPEMI 2011"

18 Cantle, Ted, "Interculturalism: The New Era of Cohesion and Diversity" Palgrave Macmillan 2012

19 Goodman, Sara Wallace, "Integration Requirements for Integration’s Sake? Identifying, Categorising and Comparing Civic Integration Policies" 36 (36): 753-772, 2010

20 Joppke, Christian, "Immigrant Integration after Multiculturalism" 2012

21 설동훈, "Global Dimensions in Mapping the Foreign Labor Policies of Korea: A Compartive and Functional Analysis" 사회발전연구소 34 (34): 75-124, 2005

22 Nisic, Tamara, "From Multiculturalism to Integration or From Marginalization to Assimilation?" 26 : 3-12, 2008

23 Vasta, Ellie, "From Ethnic Minorities to Ethnic Majority Policy: Multiculturalism and the Shift to Assimilation in the Netherlands" 30 (30): 713-740, 2007

24 Bonjour, Saskia, "Family Migration Policies in the Netherlands" International Centre for Migration Policy Development 2008

25 Tolsma, Jochem, "Ethnic Competition and Opposition to Ethnic Intermarriage in the Netherlands: A Multi-Level Approach" 24 (24): 215-230, 2008

26 OECD, "Equal Opportunities: The Labour Market Integration of the Children of Immigrants" Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development 2010

27 Vink, Maarten P., "Dutch ‘Multiculturalism’Beyond the Pillarisation Myth" 5 (5): 337-350, 2007

28 Scholten, Peter, "Constructing Dutch Immigrant Policy: Research -Policy Relations and Immigrant Integration Policy-making in the Netherlands" 13 (13): 75-92, 2011

29 Lijphart, Arend, "Commentary, In Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective" Stanford University Press 293-295, 2004

30 Entzinger, Han, "Commentary, In Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective" 289-292, 2004

31 Klaver, Jeanine, "Civic Integration in the Netherlands: A New Approach Towards Citizenship"

32 Joppke, Christian, "Beyond National Models: Civic Integration Policies for Immigrants in Western Europe" 30 (30): 1-22, 2007

33 Bonjour, Saskia, "Between Integration Provision and Selection Mechanism. Party Politics, Judicial Constraints, and the Making of French and Dutch Policies of Civic Integration Abroad" 12 : 299-318,

34 Gordon, Milton, "Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins" Oxford University Press 1964

35 Dutch National Contact Point for the European Migration Network, "Annual Report on Migration and International Protection Statistics 2008: The Netherlands" Immigration and Naturalisation Service 2010

36 Dutch National Contact Point for the European Migration Network, "Annual Policy Report 2010: Developments in Dutch Migration and Asylum Policy" The Netherlands: Immigration and Naturalisation Service 2011