Optimization of distribution transformer efficiency characteristics

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Table of Contents = 1-1
• List of Figures = 1-4
• List of Tables = 1-5
• Executive Summary = 2-1
• Task 1 - Establish Loss Evaluation Techniques = 3.1-1
• Existing Loss Evaluation Techniques = 3.1-1
• Selection of Loss Evaluation Technique = 3.1-6
• Summary of Love Evaluation Technique = 3.1-27
• References = 3.1-28
• Appendix 3.1 - Derivation of the Total Levelized Annual Cost Equation = 3.1-34
• Task 2 - Compile System Cost Parameters = 3.2-1
• Industry Loss Costs = 3.2-1
• Existing System Cost Parameters = 3.2-3
• Carrying Charge Rate = 3.2-5
• System Investment Costs = 3.2-7
• Discount Factor = 3.2-10
• Incremental Energy Costs = 3.2-11
• Sale Price of Incremental Energy = 3.2-13
• Fixed and Switched Capacitor Cost = 3.2-15
• Loss Cost Comparison = 3.2-16
• Summary of System Cost Parameters = 3.2-17
• References = 3.2-18
• Task 3 - Compile Load Parameters and Loading Policies = 3.3-1
• Transformer Load Characteristics = 3.3-1
• Economic Transformer Changeout Load = 3.3-11
• Transformer Loading Policy = 3.3-20
• Summary of Transformer Load Characteristics = 3.3-24
• Impact of Load Management = 3.3-25
• References = 3.3-30
• Task 4 - Develop Transformer Cost／Performance Relationship = 3.4-1
• Material Cost = 3.4-1
• Selling Prices = 3.4-1
• Inflation = 3.4-2
• Generating the Cost／Performance Data = 3.4-3
• Indexing = 3.4-4
• Discussion on the Cost Tables = 3.4-5
• Graphical Vs. Regression Approach = 3.4-5
• Recommendaiton = 3.4-5
• Limited Ability to Produce and Change = 3.4-6
• Reference = 3.4-7
• Task 5 - Define Characteristics of Multiple Efficiency Transformer Package = 3.5-1
• Introduction = 3.5-1
• Load Duration Curve = 3.5-1
• Standard Load Duration Curve = 3.5-13
• Daily Peak = 3.5-13
• MEX kVA Ratios = 3.5-13
• Selecting the Switching Point = 3.5-20
• Design Alternatives for MEX = 3.5-24
• Design Specifications = 3.5-28
• Evaluating Savings = 3.5-30
• MEX Loss Evaluation = 3.5-32
• Loss Factor Evaluation = 3.5-32
• Load Growth = 3.5-33
• Cost Parameters = 3.5-36
• Annual Load Loss Costs for MEX = 3.5-36
• Annual No-Load Loss Costs for MEX = 3.5-37
• Annual Energy Cost of Regulation = 3.5-38
• Total Levelized Annual Cost (TLAC) = 3.5-38
• Comparison of multiple Efficiency = 3.5-39
• Task 6 - Minimize Life Cycle Cost Based on Single Efficiency Characteristic Transformer Design = 3.6-1
• Introduction = 3.6-1
• Initial Transformer Cost = 3.6-1
• Total Levelized Annual Costs = 3.6-1
• Task 7 - Minimize Life Cycle Cost Based On Multiple Efficiency Characteristic Transformer Design = 3.7-1
• Introduction = 3.7-1
• Initial Transformer Cost = 3.7-1
• Comparison of Multiple and Single Efficiency = 3.7-2
• Task 8 - Interpretation = 3.8.1
• Introduction = 3.8-1
• Summary of Optimum Efficiency Data = 3.8-2
• Summarize Economic／Energy Benefit of Multiple Efficiency Characteristics = 3.8-3
• Regulation of the MEX = 3.8-4
• Compile Conclusions／Recommendations for Distribution Transformer Efficiency Characteristics = 3.8-4
• Sensitivity Analysis = 3.8-8
• Life Cycle Energy = 3.8-12
• Recommendations for Further Investigation = 3.8-15
• Introduction = 3.8-15
• Thermal Life Evaluation Based on Optimum Loading = 3.8-15
• Expand the Analysis to all Power System Transformers = 3.8-16
• Determine the Economics of Changing Out Old Power Transformers for More Efficient Units = 3.8-16
• Continued Evaluation of the MEX = 3.8-17
• Load Growth Study = 3.8-17
• Develop Load and Cost Parameters for Commercial and Industrial Load = 3.8-18
• Determine the Proper Method of Transformer Evaluation for Public Power = 3.8-18
• Bibliography = 4-1
• LIST OF FIGURES
• 3-1.1 Distribution Transformer Annual Load Cycle = 3.1-31
• 3-2.1 No-Load Loss Costs ($／Kw) = 3.2-24
• 3-2.2 Load Loss Costs ($／KW) = 3.2-26
• 3-3.1 Number of Customers (N) = 3.3-34
• 3-3.2 Number of Customers (N) = 3.3-35
• 3-3.3 Winter Peak Day Load Cycle = 3.3-36
• 3-3.4 Determination of Economic Changeout Load = 3.3-37
• 3-3.5 Annual Peak Load Growth Rate (GR), Per Unit = 3.3-38
• 3-5.1 - 3-5.5 Load Duration Curve = 3.5-8
• 3-5.6 Normalized Load Duration Curve = 3.5-14
• 3-5.7 Shell Form MEX = 3.5-25
• 3-5.8 Core Form MEX = 3.5-26
• 3-5.9 MEX Loss Savings = 3.5-31
• 3-5.10 Loss Factor Curves for Low kVA Mode = 3.5-34
• 3-5.11 Loss Factor Curves for High kVA Mode = 3.5-35
• LIST OF TABLES
• 3-1.1 Nomenclature for Distribution Transformer Loss Evaluation Technique = 3.1-32
• 3-1.2 Summary of Distribution Transformer Loss Evaluation Technique = 3.1-33
• 3-2.1 Evaluation Formulas - Pole Type = 3.2-19
• 3-2.2 Loss Evaluation Formulas - Pole Type = 3.2-21
• 3-2.3 No-Load Loss Costs ($／KW) = 3.2-23
• 3-2.4 Load Loss Costs ($／KW) = 3.2-25
• 3-2.5 Ratio of No-Load Loss Cost／Load Loss Cost = 3.2-27
• 3-2.6 Generation Plant Costs (1977) = 3.2-28
• 3-2.7 Generation Plant Costs = 3.2-29
• 3-2.8 Transmission and Distribution System Costs = 3.2-30
• 3-2.9 Energy Cost Data = 3.2-31
• 3-2.10 Energy Cost Data = 3.2-32
• 3-2.11 Levelizing Factors = 3.2-33
• 3-2.12 Levelized Energy Costs (1980) = 3.2-34
• 3-2.13 Summary of System Cost Parameters = 3.2-35
• 3-3.1 Transformer Load Characteristics = 3.3-39
• 3-3.2 Nomenclature for Economic Transformer Changeout Load = 3.3-40
• 3-3.3 Resultant Transformer Loading Policies = 3.3-41
• 3-3.4 Resultant No-Load and Load Loss Costs ($／kW) = 3.3-43
• 3-3.5 Summary of Distribution Transformer Load Characteristics = 3.3-44
• 3-4.1 - 3-4.5 Transformer Cost／Performance Index = 3.4-8
• 3-5.1 - 3-5.5 Load Duration Data = 3.5-3
• 3-5.6 - 3-5.10 15 Minute Peak Load = 3.5-15
• 3-5.11 Switching Point for Single Core／Coil MEX = 3.5-22
• 3-5.12 Switching Point for 2 Transformer MEX = 3.5-23
• 3-5.13 Comparison of Energy Cost Components of Single and Multiple Efficiency Transformers = 3.5-42
• 3-5.14 Definition of Terms Introduced in Task 5 = 3.5-43
• 3-6.1 Summary of Distribution Transformer Loss Evaluation Technique = 3.6-3
• 3-6.2 Program Listing = 3.6-4
• 3-6.3 Nomenclature for Distribution Transformer Loss Evaluation Technique = 3.6-6
• 3-6.4 Input Format = 3.6-7
• 3-6.5 Output Format = 3.6-8
• 3-6.6 Output Example = 3.6-9
• 3-6.7 Input Data = 3.6-10
• 3-6.8 Total Levelized Annual Costs for Single Efficiency Characteristic Transformer Design = 3.6-11
• 3-6.9 Summary of Optimum Designs = 3.6-57
• 3-7.1 Program Listing = 3.7-4
• 3-7.2 Input Data = 3.7-7
• 3-7.3 MEX Cost／Performance Index = 3.7-8
• 3-7.4 Total Levelized Annual Costs for Multiple Efficiency Characteristic Transformer Design = 3.7-19
• 3-7.5 Summary of Optimum Designs (MEX) = 3.7-153
• 3-7.6 Comparison of Single Efficiency Vs. Multiple Efficiency = 3.7-159
• 3-8.1 Summary of Distribution Transformer Loss Evaluation Technique = 3.8-6
• 3-8.2 Summary of NIEX Evaluation Equations = 3.8-7
• 3-8.3 Input Parameters for Base Case = 3.8-9
• 3-8.4 Changes in TLAC Due to a 10% Increase in the Given Parameters = 3.8-10
• 3-8.5 Changes in TLAC Due to Changes in Given Parameters = 3.8-11
• 3-8.6 Energy Content of Principle Transformer Materials = 3.8-13
• 3-8.7 Total Energy Associated with Manufacturing and Operating Distribution Transformers = 3.8-14