The research aimed at establishing identity of the basic public education, developing academic concepts that represented the nature and characteristics of the primary education, and exploring the future directions toward the development and advance in...
The research aimed at establishing identity of the basic public education, developing academic concepts that represented the nature and characteristics of the primary education, and exploring the future directions toward the development and advance in the filed of the primary education, by answering the following questions: what made primary education differentiated from early childhood education and/or secondary education, what were the roots and phenomenons of the primary education.
To search for the foundation of the primary schooling in Korea, this study attempted to explore the essential nature and its characteristics of the elementary education and to establish the disciplinary structure and identity of the primary education during the period of the Enlightenment, focusing on the areas of social background, educational needs, educational purposes, school curricular, teaching methods and evaluation, and teacher education system. To achieve the research purpose, laws and government documents, newspapers, and educational journals that were amended and published during the period were analyzed in addition to the interviews and positivistic-based site observations. The results of the research showed that the essential nature and the characteristics of the primary education during the period were characterized as 'public basis' for fair opportunities lead by the nation, 'fundamental basis' for learning, community membership, and personal life, and 'common basis' for general and future-oriented universality. The research suggested that in the stage of the germination of the primary education the essential nature for the schooling was strongly based on the national education, however, it was asked to balance between the wills and needs of nation and an individual child for reflecting diverse aspects of the primary education in the future.
Comparing the first part of the research which was based on the past-oriented and historic approaches, the second part of the study aimed at investigating the nature of the primary schooling at present with the use of the phenomenological, qualitative research methods. For the data collection, at first, kindergarten teachers, secondary teachers, and educational administrators were involved in the focus group interview to differentiate the educational characteristics and roles of the primary school. And six elementary teachers and their classrooms (including lower, middle, and upper grades) that represented as 'the most idealistic primary classrooms' and showed their willingness to participate in the study were recommended by their principals and their colleagues and chosen among four public and private elementary schools. Their instructions were video-tapped for 4080 hours in total, twice a week, and more than two hours at a time from October, 2003 to March, 2004. Next, additional field observations were conducted for the supplementary data collection, and the teachers and their children were interviewed formally and informally for several times to have member check for the validity of the qualitative data. At the final stage, a large-scaled questionnaire was conducted to 823 elementary teachers, 990 parents of elementary children, and 188 educational professionals who were sampled throughout the nation, to check and balance the results of the data with the qualitative approaches. The results showed that the characteristics of the schooling that make the education most primary were listed as 'aesthetic pursuit', 'formality', 'practicality', and 'integration'. The first part of the research emphasized the educational meanings especially in the social context in the period of the Enlightenment, whereas the second part of the research suggested to replace the concept of the social meaning in the former to one with various and balanced perspectives of primary education in the contemporary society.