부정정서가 흡연자의 정서경험 수준에 따라 흡연 주의편향 및 갈망에 미치는 영향 = The Effect of Smoker's Affect Intensity on Attentional Bias and Craving for Smoking after Experiencing Negative Emotion

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 흡연자의 기질적인 정서경험 수준이 부정 정서경험 이후 흡연욕구의 변화에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 남자대학생 총 403명을 정서경험 수준에 따라 높은/낮은 정서경험 수준 집단으로 분류하고, 이 중 현재 흡연중인 61명을 실험 참가자로 선정하여 두 종류의 영상시청 집단(부정정서, 중립정서)에 무선할당 하였다. 실험 참가자의 주관적 정서상태 및 흡연갈망의 기저선을 측정하고 5분 가량 정서영상을 시청시킨 후, 주관적 정서상태, 흡연갈망의 변화 및 흡연과 중립단서에 대한 안구움직임을 측정하였다. 실험결과, 부정정서 영상시청 집단은 중립영상 시청집단에 비해 영상시청 후 주관적 흡연갈망이 상승하였는데, 부정정서 영상시청 집단 내에서 정서경험 수준이 높은 흡연자는 낮은 흡연자에 비해 흡연단서를 더욱 오래 응시하는 주의편향을 보였다. 본 연구는 정서경험 수준이 높은 흡연자의 내현적 흡연욕구가 부정정서로 인해 증가하는 결과를 보여주는 것으로, 기질적인 정서경험 수준이 높은 흡연자는 흡연행동을 통해서 부정정서를 회피하려는 동기가 강한 것으로 보인다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aimed to examine the effect of smoker's affect intensity on explicit/implicit smoking craving after experiencing negative emotion. Male university students (n=403) were divided into high and low affect intensity group by affect intensity score. Among them, smokers (n=61) were selected as participants and were randomly assigned to either negative or neutral emotion induction group. As a baseline, subjective emotional state and explicit smoking craving were measured. Variation of subjective emotional state, explicit smoking craving, eye movements to smoking-related cues and control cues were recorded after viewing films eliciting either negative or neutral emotion. After watching films, negative emotion induction group showed higher level of explicit smoking craving than neutral emotion induction group. In negative emotion induction group, high affect intensity group showed more attentional bias to smoking related cues than low affect intensity group did. It shows that implicit smoking craving of smokers with high affect intensity was increased by negative emotion. Thus, smokers with high affect intensity has strong motivation to avoid negative emotion by their smoking behavior.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이현희, "한국판 정적 정서 및 부적 정서 척도 (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule; PANAS)의 타당화 연구" 한국임상심리학회 22 (22): 935-946, 2003

2 이슬아, "정서강도와 인지적 회피가 걱정에 미치는 영향" 한국임상심리학회 33 (33): 191-219, 2014

3 이혜경, "보건소 금연클리닉 등록자의 니코틴 의존도 및 흡연관련특성" 한국자료분석학회 15 (15): 1443-1453, 2013

4 김윤희, "보건소 금연클리닉 6개월 금연성공자의 재흡연 관련요인" 한국자료분석학회 14 (14): 1439-1451, 2012

5 송은주, "단주 프로그램이 알코올중독 대상자의 자아존중감, 단주자기효능감에 미치는 효과" 한국자료분석학회 14 (14): 2053-2065, 2012

6 이승조, "기본 정서를 유도하는 영상의 선정과 정서의 체계적 이해를 위한 탐구" 한국방송학회 23 (23): 205-246, 2009

7 김주성, "금연변화단계별 변화과정, 의사결정균형, 흡연유혹상황 및 금연각오의 차이" 한국자료분석학회 12 (12): 825-838, 2010

8 Josephs, R. A., "The two faces of alcohol myopia : Attentional mediation of psychological stress" 99 (99): 115-126, 1990

9 Copeland, A. L., "The smoking consequences questionnaire-adult : Measurement of smoking outcome expectancies of experienced smokers" 7 (7): 484-494, 1995

10 Khantzian, E. J., "The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders : A reconsideration and recent applications" 4 (4): 231-244, 1997

11 Lee, J. I., "The influence of emotional experience and expression on psychological well-being" 11 (11): 117-140, 1997

12 Robinson, T. E., "The incentive sensitization theory of addiction : Some current issues" 363 (363): 3137-3146, 2008

13 Cox, W. M., "The addiction-stroop test : Theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations" 132 (132): 443-476, 2006

14 Hatsukami, D. K., "Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal from total cigarette cessation versus partial cigarette reduction" 94 (94): 242-247, 1988

15 Widiger, T. A., "Substance use disorder : Abuse, dependence and dyscontrol" 89 (89): 267-282, 1994

16 Field, M., "Stress increases attentional bias for alcohol cues in social drinkers who drink to cope" 42 (42): 560-566, 2007

17 Kassel, J. D., "Smoking, stress, and negative affect : Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking" 129 (129): 270-304, 2003

18 Wetter, D. W., "Smoking outcome expectancies : Factor structure, predictive validity, and discriminant validity" 103 (103): 801-811, 1994

19 Kassel, J. D., "Smoking and attention : A review and reformulation of the stimulus-filter hypothesis" 17 (17): 451-478, 1997

20 Grossman, M., "Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience : A social role interpretation" 65 (65): 1010-1022, 1993

21 Kring, A. M., "Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology" 74 (74): 686-703, 1998

22 Witkiewitz, K., "Relapse prevention for alcohol and drug problems : That was Zen, this is Tao" 59 (59): 224-235, 2004

23 Goldman, M. S., "Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism" Guilford Publications 181-226, 1999

24 Waldron, I., "Patterns and causes of gender differences in smoking" 32 (32): 989-1005, 1991

25 Shiffman, S., "Negative affect and smoking lapses : A prospective analysis" 72 (72): 192-201, 2004

26 Gohm, C. L., "Mood regulation and emotional intelligence : Individual differences" 84 (84): 594-607, 2003

27 Bradley, B. P., "Influence of negative affect on selective attention to smoking-related cues and urge to smoke Tn cigarette smokers" 18 (18): 255-263, 2007

28 Robinson, T. E., "Incentive-sensitization and drug ‘wanting’" 171 (171): 352-353, 2004

29 Robinson, T. E., "Incentive-sensitization and addiction" 96 (96): 103-114, 2001

30 Wiers, R. W., "Implicit cognition and addiction" 15 (15): 292-296, 2006

31 Sinha, R., "How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse?" 158 (158): 343-359, 2001

32 Fujita, F., "Gender differences in negative affect and well-being : The case for emotional intensity" 61 (61): 427-434, 1991

33 Mogg, K., "Eye movements to smoking-related pictures in smokers : Relationship between attentional biases and implicit and explicit measures of stimulus valence" 98 (98): 825-836, 2003

34 Ostafin, B. D., "Drinking without thinking : An implicit measure of alcohol motivation predicts failure to control alcohol use" 46 (46): 1210-1219, 2008

35 Parrott, A. C., "Does cigarette smoking cause stress?" 54 : 817-820, 1999

36 Watson, D., "Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect : The PANAS scales" 54 (54): 1063-1070, 1988

37 Wills, T. A., "Coping and substance use" Academic Press 1985

38 McKay, J. R., "Conceptual, methodological, and analytical issues in the study of relapse" 26 (26): 109-127, 2006

39 Livson, N., "Cigarette smoking motives : Factorial structure and gender differences in a longitudinal study" 23 (23): 535-544, 1988

40 Bradley, B., "Attentional and evaluative biases for smoking cues in nicotine dependence : Component processes of biases in visual orienting" 15 (15): 29-36, 2004

41 Brandon, T. H., "Affect, expectancies, urges, and smoking : Do they conform to models of drug motivation and relapse?" 4 (4): 29-36, 1996

42 Larsen, R. J., "Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic : A review" 21 (21): 1-39, 1987

43 Larsen, R. J., "Affect intensity and reactions to daily life events" 51 (51): 803-814, 1986

44 Baker, T. B., "Addiction motivation reformulated : An affective processing model of negative reinforcement" 111 (111): 33-51, 2004

45 Lynch, T. R., "A mediational model relating affect intensity, emotion inhibition, and psychological distress" 32 (32): 519-536, 2001