가막만 표층퇴적물 중 알칼리 및 알칼리 토금속 원소의 생지화학적 특성 = Biogeochemistry of Alkaline and Alkaline Earth Elements in the Surface Sediment of the Gamak Bay

국문 초록 (Abstract)

2010년 4월 가막만 전역의 19개 정점에서 표층퇴적물을 채취하여 퇴적물의 입도 분포, 유기물의 기원, 알칼리 원소(Li, Na, K, Rb) 및 알칼리 토금속(Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)원소의 분포특성을 파악하였다. 조사해역의 퇴적물 유형은 대부분 Mud로 나타났다. Chlorophyll $a$, TOC, TN, TS 및 LOI의 경우 만의 북부해역과 어류양식장이 산재되어 있는 남측해역에서 높은 농도분포를 보였으며, 만의 중앙부에서 낮은 농도를 보였다. 이들 성분과는 반대로 산화환원전위의 경우 만의 중앙부에서 대체로 (+)값으로 산화상태를 나타내었으며, 만의 북부해역과 남측해역에서 (-)상태로 환원환경 특성을 보였다. 유기물의 기원은 대부분 자생기원 유기물질 이였으나, 일부 정점에서 육상 및 박테리아성 유기물 기원 특성을 보였다. 알칼리 및 알카리 토금속 원소 중 Li, Na, K, Rb, Be, Mg, Ca 및 Sr의 경우 대부분의 정점에서 석영희석 효과에 의해 일차적으로 농도 분포가 결정된다. Ba의 경우 본 조사해역에서 중정석(Barite)가 존재하는 것으로 생각되며, Sr 및 Ba의 경우 이차적으로 탄산염 희석과 산화환원전위에 의한 생지화학적 영향을 직간접적으로 받는 것으로 보인다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

We measured various geochemical parameters, including the grain size, loss on ignition(LOI), total organic carbon(TOC), total nitrogen(TN), total sulfur(TS) and metallic elements, in surface sediment collected from 19 stations in Gamak Bay in April 2010 in order to understand the sedimentary types, the origin of organic matters, and the distribution patterns of alkali(Li, Na, K, Rb) and alkaline earth(Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) elements. The surface sediments were mainly composed of mud. The concentrations of Chlorophyll-a, TOC, TN, TS and LOI in sediment were the highest at the cultivation areas of fish and shellfish in the northern and southern parts of the bay. The redox potential(or oxidation-reduction potential) showed the positive value in the middle part of the bay, indicating that the surface sediment is under oxidized condition. The organic materials in sediment at almost all of stations were characterized by the autochthonous origin. Based on the overall distributions of metallic elements, it appears that the concentrations of alkali and alkaline earth elements except Ba in sediment are mainly influenced by the dilution effect of quartz. The concentrations of Sr and Ba are also dependent on the secondary factors such as the effect of calcium carbonate and the redox potential.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 국토해양부, "해양환경공정시험기준"

2 최민규, "퇴적물내 coprostanol을 이용한 진해만의 도시하수오염 평가" 한국수산과학회 38 (38): 118-128, 2005

3 현상민, "지화학적 자료에 근거한 광양만 표층퇴적물의 특성과 저서환경" 한국환경생물학회 22 : 93-102, 2004

4 전라남도, "전남동부연안양식어장기초환경및저서패류에 관한 조사" 7-39, 1982

5 여수시, "여수시 통계 자료집" 2000

6 오현택, "시스템 생태학적 접근법에 의한 가막만 패류생산의 지속성 평가 3. 가막만 패류 양식업의 에너지 모델링" 한국환경과학회 17 (17): 969-980, 2008

7 이병돈, "굴 양식장 수역의 기초생산연구, 한국수산학회지, 제24권, 제1호, pp" 24 (24): 39-51, 1991

8 현상민, "광양만 및 여수해만 표층퇴적물의 지화학적 특성과 중금속 오염" 한국해양학회 8 (8): 4-391, 2003

9 박영철, "겨울철 부산항 주변해역의 수질과 표층퇴적물 환경특성" 28 (28): 577-588, 1995

10 최상덕, "가막만의 수질환경과 이매패류(Bivalvia)군집의 연간변동" 한국환경생물학회 26 (26): 279-291, 2008

11 이규형, "가막만의 수온과 염분분포" 23 : 25-39, 1990

12 이연규, "가막만 표층퇴적물 특성 및 점토광물" 16 (16): 477-488, 1995

13 박영철, "가막만 양식 참굴의 성장과 환경용량 추정에 대한 연구" 한국환경생물학회 20 (20): 15-385, 2002

14 김정배, "가막만 빈산소 수괴의 특성" 한국해양환경·에너지학회 9 (9): 216-224, 2006

15 김정배, "가막만 빈산소 수괴 소멸기의 물리화학적 특성" 해양환경안전학회 16 (16): 241-248, 2010

16 Folk, R. L, "Vrazos River bar. A study in the significance of grain size parameters" 3-26, 1957

17 Holligan, S. G., "Vertical distribution and partitioning of organiccarbon in mixed, frontal and stratified waters of the EnglishChannel" 14 : 111-127, 1984

18 Morse, J., "Trace metal chemistry of Galveston Bay: Water, sediments and biota" 36 (36): 1-37, 1993

19 Martin, J. M., "The significance of the river input of chemical elements to the ocean. In: Trace Metals in Wea Water" Plenum 256-296, 1983

20 Horowitz, A., "The relation of stream sediment surface area, grain size, and trace element chemistry" 2 : 437-445, 1987

21 Turekian, K. K., "The marine geochemistry of strontium" 28 : 1479-1496, 1964

22 Taylor, S. R., "The geochemical evolution of the continental crust" 33 : 241-265, 1995

23 Guo, T., "The effect of sediment redox chemistry on solubility/chemically active forms of selected metals in bottom sediment receiving produced water discharge" 4 (4): 165-175, 1997

24 Greaves, C., "The chemical utilization of wood" Department of Resource Development, Forest Branch 28-, 1952

25 Pocklington R., "Terrigenous Organic Matter in Sediments of the St. Lawrence Estuary and the Saguenay Fjord" 30 : 1250-1255, 1979

26 Hyun, S., "Surface sediment characteristics and benthic environments in the mouth of Jinhae Bay" 36 (36): 700-707, 2003

27 Youn, J. S., "Sedmentological characteristics of the surface sediments in the Southern Sea off Cheju Island, Korea" 22 (22): 130-142, 1987

28 Lee, S. H., "Relationship between biovolume and biomass of naturally derived marine bacterioplankton" 53 : 1298-1303, 1987

29 Olmez, I., "Rare earth elements in sediments off southern California: A new anthropogenic indicator" 25 : 310-316, 1991

30 Luoma, S., "Processes affecting metal concentrations in estuarine and coastal marine sediments" Heavy metals in the marine environment CRC Press 51-66, 1990

31 Ingram, R. L., "Procedures in sedimentary petrology" Wiley-Inter Science 49-67, 1971

32 Goldberg, E., "Pollution history of the Savannah River Estuary" 13 : 588-594, 1979

33 Folk, R. L., "Petrology of sedmentary rocks" Hemphills's 170-184, 1968

34 Kao, S. J., "Organic carbon and nitrogen contents and their isotopic composition in surficial sediments from the East China Sea shelf and the southern Okinawa Trough" 50 : 1203-1217, 2003

35 강창근, "On the distribution of organic matter in the nearshore surface sediment of Korea" 한국수산학회 26 (26): 557-566, 199311

36 Zhao, Y., "On regional distribution patterns of elements in sediments of the Haunghai Sea" 1 : 15-22, 1989

37 Daskalakis, K., "Normalization and elemental sediment contamination in the coastal United States" 29 : 470-477, 1995

38 Windom, H., "Natural trace metal concentrations in estuarine and coastal marine sediments of the southeastern United States" 23 : 314-320, 1989

39 Grant, A., "Multivariate statistical analyses of sediment analyses of sediment geochemistry" 21 : 297-299, 1990

40 Ackerman, F., "Monitoring heavy metals in coastal and estuarine sediments a question of grain size: <20 μm versus <60 μm" 4 : 317-328, 1983

41 Stull, J., "Marine sediment core profiles of trace constituents offshore a deep wastewater outfall" 58 : 985-991, 1986

42 Loring, D., "Lithium A new approach for granulometric normalization of trace metal data" 29 : 155-168, 1990

43 Kruaskopf, K. B., "Introduction to Geochemistry" McGraw-Hill 1982

44 Schropp, S., "Interpretation of metal concentrations in estuarine sediments of Florida using aluminum as a reference element" 13 : 227-235, 1990

45 Bruland, K. W., "History of metal pollution in the Southern California coastal zone" 8 : 425-432, 1974

46 Finney, B., "History of metal pollution in the Southern California Bight: An update" 23 : 294-303, 1989

47 Bertine, K., "History of heavy metal pollution in southern California coastal zone-Reprise" 11 : 297-299, 1977

48 Cho, Y. K., "Heavy metals in surface sediments of the Younsan Estuary, west coast of Korea" 7 (7): 549-557, 1998

49 Kukal, Z., "Geology of recent sediments" Academic Press 490-, 1971

50 Cho, Y. G., "Geochemistry of surface sediments off the southern and western coasts of Korea" 159 : 111-129, 1999

51 Summerhayes, C. P., "Geochemistry of continental margin sediments from northwest Africa" 10 : 137-156, 1972

52 Kim, G. B., "Geochemistry of alkaline earth elements(Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) in the surface sediments of the Yellow Sea" 153 : 1-10, 1999

53 Zhao, Y. Y., "Geochemistry of Sediments of the China Shelf Sea" Science Press 15-130, 1994

54 Romankevich, E. A., "Geochemistry of Organic Matter in the Ocean" Springer Verlag 111-150, 1984

55 Emelyanov, E. M., "Geochemistry and Sedimentology of the Mediterranean Sea" D. Reidel Publishing Company 553-, 1986

56 Ebbing D. D, "General Chemistry" Houghton Mifflin Boston 1990

57 Kang, H. J., "Gamagyang Bay, Southern Coast of Korea: Sedimentation on a Tide Dominated Rocky Embayment" 48 : 197-214, 1982

58 Bowen, H. J. M, "Environmental Chemistry of the Elements" Academic Press 333-, 1979

59 Martin, J. M., "Elemental mass balance of material carried by major world rivers" 7 : 173-206, 1979

60 Lim, H. S., "Ecology of the macrozoobenthos in Chinhae Bay, Korea. 1. Benthic environment" 27 (27): 200-214, 1994

61 Kim, G. B., "Distributions of transition elements in the surface sediments of the Yellow Sea" 153 (153): 1-10, 1998

62 Turekian, K., "Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust" 72 : 175-192, 1961

63 Zhao, Y., "Chemical differences among various sediments of the Huanghai Sea Yellow Sea. In Developments in Geoscience Chinese Academy of Science" 299-307, 1989

64 Cho, Y. G., "Characteristics of heavy metal distribution on surface sediments from the South Sea of Korea" 29 : 338-356, 1994

65 Muller, P. J., "C/N ratio in Pacific deep sea sediments; effect of inorganic ammonium and organic nitrogen compounds sorbed by clays" 41 : 765-776, 1977

66 Hanson, P., "Assessment of elemental contamination in estuarine and coastal environments based on geochemical and statistical modeling of sediments" 36 : 237-266, 1993

67 Stein, R., "Accumulation of Organic Carbon in Marine Sediments" Springer Verlag 1-217, 1991

68 Zhao, Y. Y., "Abundance of chemical elements in continental shelf sediments of China" 15 : 71-76, 1995

69 임동일, "A review on the provenance discrimination of sediments in the Yellow Sea" ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 63 : 93-120, 200310

70 Trefry, J., "A decline in lead transport by the Mississippi River" 230 : 439-434, 1985

71 Word, J., "60-meter control survey off southern California" Southern California Coastal Water Research Project 41-56, 1979