Principles of toxicology : environmental and industrial applications

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = xv
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS = xvii
• Ⅰ CONCEPTUAL ASPECTS = 1
• 1 General Principles of Toxicology / Robert C. James ; Stephen M. Roberts ; Phillip L. Williams = 3
• 1.1 Basic Definitions and Terminology = 3
• 1.2 What Toxicologists Study = 5
• 1.3 The Importance of Dose and the Dose - Response Relationship = 7
• 1.4 How Dose - Response Data Can Be Used = 17
• 1.5 Avoiding Incorrect Conclusions from Dose - Response Data = 19
• 1.6 Factors Influencing Dose - Response Curves = 21
• 1.7 Descriptive Toxicology : Testing Adverse Effects of Chemicals and Generating Dose-Response Data = 26
• 1.8 Extrapolation of Animal Test Data to Human Exposure = 28
• 1.9 Summary = 32
• References and Suggested Reading = 32
• 2 Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination of Toxic Agents / Ellen J. O'Flaherty = 35
• 2.1 Toxicology and the Safety and Health Professions = 35
• 2.2 Transfer across Membrane Barriers = 37
• 2.3 Absorption = 41
• 2.4 Disposition : Distribution and Elimination = 45
• 2.5 Summary = 53
• References and Suggested Reading = 54
• 3 Biotransformation : A Balance between Bioactivation and Detoxification / Michael R. Franklin ; Garold S. Yost = 57
• 3.1 Sites of Biotransformation = 62
• 3.2 Biotransformation Reactions = 65
• 3.3 Summary = 85
• Suggested Reading = 86
• 4 Hematotoxicity : Chemically Induced Toxicity of the Blood / Robert A. Budinsky Jr. = 87
• 4.1 Hematotoxicity : Basic Concepts and Background = 87
• 4.2 Basic Hematopoiesis : The Formation of Blood Cells and their Differentiation = 88
• 4.3 The Myeloid Series : Erythrocytes, Platelets, Granulocytes(Neutrophils), Macrophages, Eosinophils, and Basophils = 91
• 4.4 The Lymphoid Series : Lymphocytes(B and T Cells) = 94
• 4.5 Direct Toxicological Effects on the RBC : Impairment of Oxygen Transport and Destruction of the Red Blood Cell = 95
• 4.6 Chemicals that Impair Oxygen Transport = 97
• 4.7 Inorganic Nitrates／Nitrites and Chlorate Salts = 99
• 4.8 Methemoglobin Leading to Hemolytic Anemia : Aromatic Amines and Aromatic Nitro Compounds = 100
• 4.9 Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia = 101
• 4.10 Bone Marrow Suppression and Leukemias and Lymphomas = 102
• 4.11 Chemical Leukemogenesis = 104
• 4.12 Toxicities that Indirectly Involve the Red Blood Cell = 105
• 4.13 Cyanide(CN)Poisoning = 105
• 4.14 Hydrogen Sulfide($$H_2$$S)Poisoning = 105
• 4.15 Antidotes for Hydrogen Sulfide and Cyanide Poisoning = 107
• 4.16 Miscellaneous Toxicities Expressed in the Blood = 108
• 4.17 Summary = 108
• References and Suggested Reading = 108
• 5 Hepatotoxicity : Toxic Effects on the Liver / Stephen M. Roberts ; Robert C. James ; Michael R. Franklin = 111
• 5.1 The Physiologic and Morphologic Bases of Liver Injury = 111
• 5.2 Types of Liver injury = 116
• 5.3 Evaluation of Liver Injury = 124
• References and Suggested Reading = 127
• 6 Nephrotoxicity : Toxic Responses of the Kidney / Paul J. Middendorf ; Phillip L. Williams = 129
• 6.1 Basic Kidney Structures and Functions = 129
• 6.2 Functional Measurements to Evaluate Kidney Injury = 135
• 6.3 Adverse Effects of Chemicals on the Kidney = 137
• 6.4 Summary = 142
• References and Suggested Reading = 143
• 7 Neurotoxiclty : Toxic Responses of the Nervous System / Steven G. Donkin ; Phillip L. Williams = 145
• 7.1 Mechanisms of Neuronal Transmission = 146
• 7.2 Agents that Act on the Neuron = 149
• 7.3 Agents that Act on the Synapse = 151
• 7.4 Interactions of Industrial Chemical with Other Substances = 151
• 7.5 General Population Exposure to Environmental Neurotoxicants = 152
• 7.6 Evaluation of Injury to the Nervous System = 152
• 7.7 Summary = 154
• References and Suggested Reading = 155
• 8 Dermal and Ocular Toxicology : Toxic Effects of the Skin and Eyes / William R. Salminen ; Stephen M. Roberts = 157
• 8.1 Skin Histology = 157
• 8.2 Functions = 158
• 8.3 Contact Dermatitis = 160
• 8.4 Summary = 167
• References and Suggested Reading = 168
• 9 Pulmonotoxicity : Toxic Effects in the Lung / Cham E. Dallas = 169
• 9.1 Lung Anatomy and Physiology = 169
• 9.2 Mechanisms of Industrially Related Pulmonary Diseases = 181
• 9.3 Summary = 185
• References and Suggested Reading = 186
• 10 Immunotoxicity : Toxic Effects on the Immune System / Stephen M. Roberts ; Louis Adams = 189
• 10.1 Overview of Immunotoxicity = 189
• 10.2 Biology of the Immune Response = 189
• 10.3 Types of Immune Reactions and Disorders = 194
• 10.4 Clinical Tests for Detecting Immunotoxicity = 195
• 10.5 Tests for Detecting Immunotoxicity in Animal Models = 197
• 10.6 Specific Chemicals that Adversely Affect the Immune System = 199
• 10.7 Multiple-Chemical Sensitivity = 203
• 10.8 Summary = 205
• References and Suggested Reading = 205
• Ⅱ SPECIFIC AREAS OF CONCERN = 207
• 11 Reproductive Toxicology / Robert P. DeMott ; Christopher J. Borgert = 209
• 11.1 Male Reproductive Toxicology = 210
• 11.2 Female Reproductive Toxicology = 218
• 11.3 Developmental Toxicology = 224
• 11.4 Current Research Concerns = 232
• 11.5 Summary = 236
• References and Suggested Reading = 236
• 12 Mutagenesis and Genetic Toxicology / Christopher M. Teaf ; Paul J. Middendorf = 239
• 12.1 Induction and Potential Consequences of Genetic Change = 239
• 12.2 Genetic Fundamentals and Evaluation of Genetic Change = 241
• 12.3 Nonmammalian Mutagencity Tests = 251
• 12.4 Mammalian Mutagenicity Tests = 253
• 12.5 Occupational Significance of Mutagens = 257
• 12.6 Summary = 261
• References and Suggested Reading = 263
• 13 Chemical Carcinogenesis / Robert C. James ; Christopher J. Saranko = 265
• 13.1 The Terminology of Cancer = 266
• 13.3 Carcinogenesis by Chemicals = 268
• 13.4 Molecular Aspects of Carcinogenesis = 280
• 13.5 Testing Chemicals for Carcinogenic Activity = 289
• 13.6 Interpretation Issues Raised by Conditions of the Test Procedure = 292
• 13.7 Empirical Measures of Reliability of the Extrapolation = 299
• 13.8 Occupational Carcinogens = 301
• 13.9 Cancer and Our Environment : Factors that Modulate Our Risks to Occupational Hazards = 304
• 13.10 Cancer Trends and Their Impact on Evaluation of Cancer Causation = 319
• 13.11 Summary = 321
• References and Suggested Reading = 323
• 14 Properties and Effects of Metals / Steven G. Donkin ; Danny L Ohlson ; Christopher M. Teaf = 325
• 14.1 Classification of Metals = 325
• 14.2 Speciation of Metals = 327
• 14.3 Pharmacokinetits of Metals = 328
• 14.4 Toxicity of Metals = 331
• 14.5 Sources of Metal Exposure = 334
• 14.6 Toxicology of Selected Metals = 336
• 14.7 Summary = 343
• References and Suggested Reading = 343
• 15 Properties and Effects of Pesticides / Janice K. Britt = 345
• 15.1 Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides = 346
• 15.2 Qrganochlorine Insecticides = 352
• 15.3 Insecticides of Biological Origin = 353
• 15.4 Herbicides = 356
• 15.5 Fungicides = 358
• 15.6 Rodenticides = 360
• 15.7 Fumigants = 361
• 15.8 Summary = 362
• References and Suggested Reading = 363
• 16 Properties and Effects of Organic Solvents / Christopher M. Teaf = 367
• 16.1 Exposure Potential = 367
• 16.2 Basic Principles = 368
• 16.3 Toxic Properties of Representative Aliphatic Organic Solvents = 377
• 16.4 Toxic Properties of Representative Alicyclic Solvents = 378
• 16.5 Toxic Properties of Representative Aromatic Hydrocarbon Solvents = 379
• 16.6 Toxic Properties of Representative Alcohols = 382
• 16.7 Toxic Properties of Representative Phenols = 384
• 16.8 Toxic Properties of Representative Aldehydes = 385
• 16.9 Toxic Properties of Representative Ketones = 388
• 16.10 Toxic Properties of Representative Carboxylic Acids = 389
• 16.11 Toxic Properties of Representative Esters = 390
• 16.12 Toxic Properties of Representative Ethers = 390
• 16.13 Toxic Properties of Representative Halogenated Alkanes = 391
• 16.14 Toxic Properties of Representative Nitrogen-Substituted Solvents = 398
• 16.15 Toxic Properties of Representative Aliphatic and Aromatic Nitro Compounds = 402
• 16.16 Toxic Properties of Representative Nitriles(Alkyl Cyanides) = 404
• 16.17 Toxic Properties of the Pyridine Series = 405
• 16.18 Sulfur-Substituted Solvents = 405
• 16.19 Summary = 407
• References and Suggested Reading = 407
• 17 Properties and Effects of Natural Toxins and Venoms / William R. Kem = 409
• 17.1 Poisons, Toxins, and Venoms = 409
• 17.2 Molecular and Functional Diversity of Natural Toxins and Venoms = 410
• 17.3 Natural Roles of Toxins and Venoms = 411
• 17.4 Major Sites and Mechanisms of Toxic Action = 411
• 17.5 Toxins in Unicellular Organisms = 415
• 17.6 Toxins of Higher Plants = 417
• 17.7 Animal Venoms and Toxins = 423
• 17.8 Toxin and Venom Therapy = 430
• 17.9 Summary = 432
• Acknowledgments = 432
• References and Suggested Reading = 432
• Ⅲ APPLICATIONS = 435
• 18 Risk Assessment / Robert C. James ; D. Alan Warren ; Christine Halmes ; Stephen M. Roberts = 437
• 18.1 Risk Assessment Basics = 437
• 18.3 Exposure Assessment : Exposure Pathways and Resulting Dosages = 445
• 18.4 Dose - Response Assessment = 449
• 18.5 Risk Characterization = 460
• 18.6 Probabilistic Versus Deterministic Risk Assessments = 462
• 18.7 Evaluating Risk from Chemical Mixtures = 464
• 18.8 Comparative Risk Analysis = 468
• 18.9 Risk Communication = 472
• 18.10 Summary = 474
• References and Suggested Reading = 475
• 19 Example of Risk Assessment Applications / Alan C. Nye ; Glenn C. Millner ; Jay Gandy ; Phillip T. Goad = 479
• 19.1. Tiered Approach to Risk Assessment = 479
• 19.2. Risk Assessment Examples = 480
• 19.3. Lead Exposure and Women of Child-bearing Age = 481
• 19.4. Petroleum Hydrocarbons : Assessing Exposure and Risk to Mixtures = 483
• 19.5. Risk Assessment for Arsenic = 486
• 19.6. Reevaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks of Inhaled Antimony Trioxide = 490
• 19.7. Summary = 496
• References and Suggested Reading = 497
• 20 Occupational and Environmental Health / Fredric Gerr ; Edward Galaid ; Howard Frumkin = 499
• 20.1 Definition and Scope of the Problem = 499
• 20.2 Characteristics of Occupational Illness = 502
• 20.3 Goals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine = 502
• 20.4 Human Resources Important to Occupational Health Practice = 503
• 20.5 Activities of the Occupational Health Provider = 503
• 20.6 Ethical Considerations = 507
• 20.7 Summary and Conclusion = 508
• References and Suggested Reading = 509
• 21 Epidemiologic Issues In Occupational and Environmental Health / Lora E. Fleming ; Judy A. Bean = 511
• 21.1 A Brief History of Epidemiology = 511
• 21.2 Epidemiologic Causation = 512
• 21.3 Types of Epidemiologic Studies : Advantages and Disadvantages = 513
• 21.4 Exposure Issues = 514
• 21.5 Disease and Human Health Effects Issues = 515
• 21.6 Population Issues = 516
• 21.7 Measurement of Disease or Exposure Frequency = 516
• 21.8 Measurement of Association Or Risk = 517
• 21.9 Bias = 519
• 21.10 Other Issues = 520
• 21.11 Summary = 520
• References and Suggested Reading = 520
• 22 Controlling Occupational and Environmental Health Hazards / Paul J. Middendorf ; David E. Jacobs = 523
• 22.1 Background and Historical Perspective = 523
• 22.2 Exposure Limits = 524
• 22.3 Program Management = 530
• 22.4 Case Studies = 541
• 22.5 Summary = 552
• References and Suggested Reading = 553
• Glossary = 555
• Index = 575