Cognitive psychology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = ⅸ
• SECTION I Introduction and the Neural Basis of Cognition
• 1 Introduction = 1
• Information-Processing Model = 4
• The Domain of Cognitive Psychology = 6
• Perception = 6
• Brain Sciences = 7
• Pattern Recognition = 7
• Attention = 8
• Memory = 8
• Representation of Knowledge = 9
• Imagery = 9
• Language = 9
• Developmental Psychology = 10
• Thinking and Concept Formation = 10
• Human Intelligence = 10
• Artificial Intelligence = 10
• Antecedents of Modern Cognitive Psychology = 11
• The Representation of Knowledge: The Early Period = 11
• The Representation of Knowledge: The Middle Period = 12
• The Representation of Knowledge: Early Twentieth Century = 14
• The Reemergence of Cognitive Psychology = 16
• Scientific Revolutions and Cognitive Science = 18
• Cognitive Psychology and the Representation of Knowledge = 19
• Reactions to the Cognitive Revolution: The Black-Box versus the White-Box = 19
• Mental Representations = 21
• Conceptual Science and Cognitive Psychology = 21
• Cognitive Models = 23
• The Computer Metaphor and Human Cognition = 25
• Neuroscience and Cognitive Psychology = 26
• Cognitive Science = 28
• Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) and Cognitive Psychology = 28
• 2 Neuroscience and Cognitive Psychology = 33
• Mind-Body Issues = 34
• Memory and Cerebral Blood Flow―An Example = 36
• Neurocognition = 37
• Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience = 37
• The Nervous System and Models of Cognition = 38
• The Nervous System = 40
• The Neuron = 40
• The Brain: From Compartmentalization to Mass Action = 43
• The Anatomy of the Brain = 45
• Neurophysiological Sensing Techniques = 49
• CAT Scans = 51
• PET Scans = 51
• A Tale of Two Hemispheres = 53
• Cognitive Psychology and Brain Science = 58
• The Sensory System = 58
• Vision = 59
• Hearing = 61
• SECTION II Perception and Interpretation of Sensory Signals
• 3 Perception of Sensory Signals = 65
• Sensation and Perception = 67
• Threshold = 69
• Signal Detection Theory = 72
• Observer's Criterion and the Concept of Threshold = 75
• Perceptual Span = 76
• Iconic Storage = 77
• Effect of Delay of Cue = 78
• Capacity = 79
• Icons and Iconoclasts = 80
• Echoic Storage = 80
• Function of Sensory Stores = 82
• 4 Pattern Recognition = 85
• Approaches to Visual Pattern Recognition = 88
• Vision = 88
• Gestalt Theses = 89
• Canonic Perspectives = 92
• "Bottom-Up" versus "Top-Down Processing" = 94
• Template Matching = 95
• Feature Analysis = 97
• Prototype Matching = 101
• Form Perception: An Integrated Approach = 108
• Pattern Recognition Among Experts = 109
• Pattern Recognition―The Role of the Perceiver = 113
• 5 Attention = 117
• Processing Capacity and Selective Attention = 120
• Auditory Signals = 121
• Visual Signals = 123
• Models of Selective Attention = 124
• The Filter Model: Broadbent = 124
• The Attenuation Model: Treisman = 128
• Automatic Processing = 131
• Consciousness: Respectable, Useful, and Necessary = 132
• Consciousness: Hemispheric Specialization = 134
• The Neurocognition of Attention = 136
• Activation and Habituation = 136
• Attention and the Human Brain = 138
• SECTION III Memory
• 6 Memory Models = 141
• Early Studies = 142
• The Structure of Memory = 145
• Two Memory Stores = 146
• Memory in the Larger Cognitive Domain = 148
• Models of Memory = 149
• Waugh and Norman = 149
• Atkinson-Shiffrin = 150
• Level of RecallN (LOR) = 153
• Level of Processing (LOP): Craik = 155
• Self-Reference Effect (SRE) = 157
• Episodic and Semantic Memory: Tulving = 160
• A Connectionist (PDP) Model of Memory: Rumelhart and McClelland = 163
• 7 Memory: Structures and Processes = 171
• Short-Term Memory = 172
• Capacity of STM = 174
• The Coding of Information in STM = 176
• Retrieval of Information from STM = 183
• Long-Term Memory = 186
• LTM: Storage and Structure = 186
• Very-Long- Term Memory (VLTM) = 190
• Autobiographical Memories = 193
• Forgetting = 196
• 8 The Representation of Knowledge = 205
• Semantic Organization = 206
• Clustering Model = 207
• Set-Theoretical Model = 207
• Semantic Feature-Comparison Model = 207
• Network Models = 207
• Associationist Approach: Development = 208
• Organizational Variables: Bower = 209
• Semantic Memory: Cognitive Models = 210
• Set-Theoretical Model = 210
• Semantic Feature-Comparison Model = 212
• Network Models = 214
• Propositional Networks = 221
• Representation of Knowledge―Neurocognitive Considerations = 226
• The Search for the Elusive Engram = 227
• What Amnesic Patients Tell Us When They Forget = 227
• Knowing What and Knowing That = 229
• A Taxonomy of Memory Structure = 230
• Connectionism and the Representation of Knowledge = 231
• SECTION IV Mnemonics, Experts, and Imagery
• 9 Mnemonics and Experts = 237
• Mnemonic Systems = 238
• Method of Loci = 239
• Peg Word System = 240
• Key Word Method = 241
• Organizational Schemes = 243
• Recall of Name = 245
• Recall of Words = 246
• Faculties Underlying Mnemonics = 247
• Organization = 247
• Mediation = 247
• Extraordinary Memories = 248
• "S.": Luria = 248
• "V.P.": Hunt and Love = 251
• "JC": Ericsson and Polson = 253
• Others = 255
• Experts = 256
• Expert Mental Calculators = 259
• Theoretical Analysis of Expertise = 262
• 10 Mental Imagery = 265
• Historical Overview = 267
• Imagery and Cognitive Psychology = 268
• Dual-Coding Hypothesis = 270
• Conceptual-Propositional Hypothesis = 272
• Functional Equivalence = 273
• A Contrary View = 279
• Interlude = 280
• Neurocognitive Evidence = 281
• Cognitive Maps = 286
• Mental Maps: Where Am I? = 287
• Synesthesia: The Sound of Colors = 290
• SECTION V Language and the Development of Cognition
• 11 Language 1: Structure and Abstractions = 295
• Linguistic Hierarchy = 298
• Phonemes = 298
• Morphemes = 299
• Syntax = 300
• Chomsky's Theory of Grammar = 301
• Transformational Grammar = 302
• Psycholinguistic Aspects of Language = 304
• Innate Properties and Environmental Effects = 304
• Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis = 307
• Cognitive Psychology and Language: Abstraction of Linguistic Ideas = 310
• "The War of the Ghosts": Bartlett = 310
• "Ants Ate the Jelly": Bransford and Franks = 314
• "Circle Island": Thomdyke = 316
• Knowledge and Comprehension = 320
• "Soap Opera" and "Thieves" = 320
• "Bumper Stickers and the Cops": Kintsch and van Dijk = 321
• A Model of Comprehension: Kintsch = 323
• Propositional Representation of Text and Reading = 324
• Nonverbal Abstraction = 326
• Musical Syntax = 326
• The "Language" of Motion = 328
• 12 Language 2: Words and Reading = 333
• Early Writing Systems = 335
• Perceptual Span = 340
• Tachistoscopic Presentation of Letters / Words = 343
• Text Processing: Eye Tracking = 345
• Information Theory = 349
• Familiarization: Word Frequency and Word Recognition = 350
• Contextual Effects = 351
• Word Identification = 351
• Morton's Logogen = 353
• Interactive Activation Model and Letter / Word Identification: A POP Perspective = 354
• Lexical-Decision Task (LDT) = 358
• Word Recognition: A Cognitive-Anatomical Approach = 361
• Orthography and Intention = 363
• Comprehension = 365
• 13 Cognitive Development = 371
• Assimilation and Accommodation: Piaget = 372
• General Principles = 373
• The Sensorimotor Period (Birth to 2 Years) = 374
• The Preoperational Period (2 to 7 Years) = 374
• The Concrete-Operational Period (7 to 11 Years) = 376
• The Formal-Operational Period (Adolescence and Adulthood) = 378
• Critique of the Piagetian Perspective = 380
• Mind in Society: Vygotsky = 383
• Vygotsky and Piaget = 383
• Development of Thought and the Internalization of Speech = 385
• Cognitive Development and Cognitive Science = 388
• Development of Information-Acquisition Skills = 388
• Short-Term (Working) Memory = 393
• "Higher-Order" Cognition in Children = 395
• Prototype Formation Among Children = 399
• SECTION IV Thinking and Intelligence―Real and Artificial
• 14 Thinking 1: Concept Formation, Logic, and Decision Making = 403
• Thinking = 404
• Concept Formation = 406
• Rule Learning = 407
• Association = 409
• Hypothesis Testing = 409
• Logic = 411
• Syllogistic Reasoning = 413
• Decision Making = 421
• Inductive Reasoning = 421
• Estimating Probabilities = 423
• Decision Frames = 424
• Representativeness = 425
• Behavioral Studies = 426
• Bayes's Theorem and Decision Making = 426
• Decision Making and Rationality = 430
• Ethnographic Thinking = 430
• Syllogistic Reasoning = 431
• Decision Making = 433
• 15 Thinking 2: Problem Solving, Creativity, and Human Intelligence = 439
• Problem Solving = 440
• Gestalt Psychology and Problem Solving = 441
• Representation of the Problem = 442
• Al and Problem Solving = 445
• Internal Representation and Problem Solving = 450
• Creativity = 454
• Creative Process = 454
• Investment Theory of Creativity = 456
• Judging Creativity = 457
• Human Intelligence = 460
• The Problem of Definition = 460
• Factor Analysis of Intelligence = 462
• Cognitive Theories of Intelligence = 464
• 16 Artificial Intelligence = 475
• Al―The Beginnings = 477
• Computers and Al = 478
• Al and PDP = 482
• Machines and Minds: The "Imitation Game" and the "Chinese Room" = 484
• The "Imitation Game" or "Turing Test" = 484
• The "Chinese Room" = 486
• The Chinese Room―Refutation = 486
• Perception and Al = 487
• Line Analysis = 489
• Pattern Recognition = 489
• Recognition of Complex Forms = 493
• "Skilled" Visual Perception by Machines: Expert Systems = 494
• Language and Al = 496
• ELIZA = 497
• PARRY = 498
• SHRDLU = 500
• NETtalk = 501
• Meaning and Al = 502
• Language Understanding Program = 504
• Problem Solving and Al = 505
• Computer Chess = 507
• Robots = 508
• Al and Scientific Inquiry = 510
• Glossary = 515
• References = 525
• Name Index = 555
• Subject Index = 560