네이던 샥, 노화학, 그리고 노화의 생의료화 = Nathan W. Shock, Gerontology, and the Biomedicalization of Aging

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Nathan Shock, the leader of the NIH’s gerontology program from 1941 to 1976, played a pivotal role in creating the science of aging as a research field in America. By illustrating his works, I explore how his efforts to biomedicalize aging were linked to the identity and agenda of gerontology as a multidisciplinary scientific field. Indeed, “biomedicalization” is understood in many ways. Whereas it was often equated to molecular reductionism, Peter Keating, Albert Cambrosio, and Adele Clarke have shown that biomedicalization involves a set of more complex changes in laboratories, clinics, and patients’ social worlds with a deep cultural repercussion. According to them, patients were not necessarily passive subjects in biomedical enterprises. This paper will depict how this character of biomedicine resonated with Shock and other gerontologists’ works for more active and productive old age. I first discuss how Shock tried to find the physiological and biochemical mechanism of aging using model organisms, biomolecules, and senior patients in the Baltimore City Hospitals. Then I illuminate how this work was placed in a broader social context associated with the elderly’s continued social participation, industrial productivity, and health management, which were the critical agendas of early American gerontologists who worked to address these problems through their multidisciplinary organizations. This explains, I claim, his unique choice of publishable results, the initiation of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, and his continued effort to communicate with regional gerontology groups comprised mostly of educated laymen interested in science.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Nathan Shock, 17 : 1961

2 "http://www.nia.nih.gov/sites/default/files/fy2014_budget_request.pdf"

3 Nathan W. Shock, "Trends in Gerontology" Stanford University Press 1-, 1951

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11 "The Aging Program of the National Institutes of Health" NWS 1962

12 Sharon R. Kaufman, "Revisiting the Biomedicalization of Aging: Clinical Trends and Ethical Challenges" 44 : 731-738, 2004

13 Nathan Shock, "Research Program of the Division of Gerontology" NWS 1959

14 Hyung Wook Park, "Refiguring Old Age: Shaping Scientific Research on Senescence, 1900-1960" University of Minnesota 1960

15 Park, "Refiguring Old Age"

16 Park, "Refiguring Old Age"

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19 Moreira, "Population Laboratories’ or ‘Laboratory Populations"

20 Stephen P. Strickland, "Politics, Science, and Dread Disease" Harvard University Press 154-157, 1972

21 George T. Baker, "Obituary: Nathan’s Last Words" 25 : 205-209, 1990

22 Nathan Shock, "National Heart Institute Section on Gerontology: Studies in Progress" NWS 1952

23 "National Advisory Health Council Committee on Aging Minutes of Meeting" NWS 10-, 1959

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30 Victoria A. Harden, "Inventing the NIH: Federal Biomedical Research Policy, 1887-1937" Johns Hopkins University Press 182-, 1986

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32 Ilana Löwy, "Historiography of Biomedicine: ‘Bio,’ ‘Medicine,’ and In Between" 102 : 116-122, 2011

33 J. Russell Lindsey, "Historical Foundations, In The Laboratory Rat" Elsevier 10-20, 2006

34 John Beatty, "Genetics in the Atomic Age: The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, 1947-1956, In The Expansion of American Biology" Rutgers University Press 284-324, 1991

35 Harold Langs, "Effect of Age on Sensitivity to Insulin" 4 : 37-, 1964

36 R. B. McGandy, "Effect of Age on Experimentally Produced Hypercholesterolemia and Vascular Sudanophilia in the Rat" 19 : 23-26, 1964

37 Hyung Wook Park, "Edmund Vincent Cowdry and the Making of Gerontology as a Multidisciplinary Scientific Field in the United States" 41 : 529-572, 2008

38 Peter Keating, "Does Biomedicine Entail the Successful Reduction of Pathology to Biology?" 47 : 357-371, 2004

39 Stephen Katz, "Disciplining Old Age: The Formation of Gerontological Knowledge" University of Virginia Press 1996

40 Stephen Katz, "Cultural Aging: Life Course, Lifestyle, and Senior Worlds" Broadview Press 2005

41 W. Andrew Achenbaum, "Crossing Frontiers: Gerontology Emerges as a Science" Cambridge University Press 1995

42 Richard L. Grant, "Concepts of Aging: An Historical Review" 6 : 443-473, 1963

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44 Peter Keating, "Biomedical Platform: Realigning the Normal and the Pathological in Late-Twentieth Century Medicine" MIT Press 4-, 2003

45 Hyung Wook Park, "Biological Aging and Social Characteristics: Gerontology, the Baltimore City Hospitals, and the National Institutes of Health" 68 : 49-86, 2013

46 Park, "Biological Aging and Social Characteristics"

47 Tiago Moreira, "Ageing between Gerontology and Biomedicine" 4 : 357-358, 2009

48 K. Hirokawa, "Age-Associated Decline in Functional Activity of the Thymus" 14 : 33-, 1974

49 Watler W. Surwillo, "Age and the Perception of Short Intervals of Time" 19 : 322-324, 1964

50 George T. Baker, "A Historical Perspective of Research on the Biology of Aging from Nathan W. Shock" 27 : 261-273, 1992

51 Baker, "A Historical Perspective"