창업가의 심리적 특성과 기업가정신에 관한 연구- 과정 모형을 중심으로 - = A Study on the Entrepreneur's Psychological Traits and Entrepreneurship - Focus on the Process Model -

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문의 목적은 이론적으로는 과정적 관점에서 심리적 특성과 기업가정신의 관계에 관한 종합적 모형을 구성하고, 실무적으로는 기업가정신에 관련된 심리적 특성에 관한 종합적 진단을 필요로 하는 창업가나 교육훈련 담당자들을 위한 진단도구의 개발을 위한 기초를 제공하고자 하는 것이다. 이러한 연구목적의 달성을 위하여 다음과 같이 구체적인 연구목표를 설정하였다. 첫째, 과정적인 관점에서 기업가정신에 관한 보다 간결하면서도 포괄적인 과정 모형을 제시한다. 둘째, 기업가정신의 각 과정에 의미있는 영향을 미치면서도 실증적인 뒷받침이 강한 창업가의 심리적인 특성들을 선발한다. 셋째, 창업가의 심리적 특성들이 기업가정신의 각 과정들에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는지를 문헌검토를 통하여 분석 및 종합한다.
본 연구의 목적 및 구체적 연구목표의 달성을 위하여 과정적 관점과 문헌 연구방법에 의거하였다. 문헌 연구방법으로서는 메타분석 결과를 주로 활용하고, 개별 연구결과를 보완적으로 사용하였다. 또한 본 연구의 초점은 개인적 수준, 특히 창업가의 심리적 특성중 의향에 관련된 비인지적 특성(will do factor)인 성격과 동기부여에 초점을 두었다.
본 논문은 과정적 관점에서의 기업가정신에 관한 연구모형의 설정, 기업가정신에 관련된 성격 특성요인들의 도출, 문헌 검토에 의한 창업가의 심리적 특성과 기업가정신 과정의 관계에 관한 분석 및 종합, 논문의 의의, 한계, 및 향후 연구방향의 순으로 구성되었다. 이러한 구성순서에 의하여 본 논문을 조금 더 상세하게 고찰해 보면 다음과 같다.
첫째, 과정적 관점에서 문헌 검토에 의하여 기업가정신에 대한 간결하면서도 포괄적인 과정 모형을 제시하였다. 이 2단계 과정 모형은 기업가정신 과정을 크게 설립 단계와 운영 단계로 구분하고, 각 단계는 계획된 행동 이론(theory of planned behavior)과 시스템 이론에 의거하여 의도-행동-결과로 구분하였다. 설립 단계는 창업의도-기회인식/자원재배열-창업의 과정으로 세분화하였으며, 운영 단계는 전략적 의도-창업전략/조직관리-창업성공의 과정으로 세분화하였다.
둘째, 슘페터식 기업가정신의 정의에 의거하여 혁신, 성장, 기회에 초점을 두고 창업가의 개념을 정의하였다. 또한 성격 특성과 기업가정신에 관한 메타분석 결과를 이용하여 기업가정신과 관련된 의미있는 성격 특성요인들을 도출하였다. 그 결과 13가지 성격 특성들을 본 논문의 분석대상으로 선정하였다. 그것들은 5대 성격요인, 기업가적 성향의 3가지 구성요인, 5가지 동기요인이다. 5대 성격요인은 경험에 대한 개방성, 신중성, 외향성, 포용성, 정서적 안정성이고, 3가지 기업가적 성향은 혁신성, 진취성, 위험감수성이며, 5가지 동기요인으로서는 욕구(성취욕구, 자율욕구), 신념(일반적인 자기유능감, 통제위치), 스트레스 내성이 선정되었다.
셋째, 창업가의 심리적 특성과 기업가적 과정간의 관계에 관한 문헌조사에 의하여 다음과 같은 결과가 도출되었다. (1) 심리적 특성은 일반적으로 창업의도, 창업여부, 그리고 창업성공과 유의미한 상관관계를 지니고 있다. 그러나 포용성, 위험감수성, 그리고 자율욕구에 관해서는 기대한 것과는 다른 결과가 나타났다. 포용성은 창업의도 및 창업성공과 유의미한 상관관계가 나타나지 않았으며, 자율욕구와 창업의도간의 연구결과들 혹은 위험감수성과 창업성공간의 연구 ...

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