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      Motivation : theories and principles

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=M9132703

      • 저자
      • 발행사항

        Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, c2004

      • 발행연도

        2004

      • 작성언어

        영어

      • 주제어
      • DDC

        153.8 판사항(21)

      • ISBN

        013111445X: US

      • 자료형태

        일반단행본

      • 발행국(도시)

        New Jersey

      • 서명/저자사항

        Motivation : theories and principles / Robert C. Beck.

      • 판사항

        5th ed

      • 형태사항

        x, 470 p.: ill.; 24 cm.

      • 일반주기명

        Includes bibliographical references (p. [426]-456) and indexes.

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      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • CONTENTS
      • Preface = ⅸ
      • 1 The Nature of Motivation Theory = 1
      • Introduction = 2
      • What Is Motivational Psychology About? = 2
      • CONTENTS
      • Preface = ⅸ
      • 1 The Nature of Motivation Theory = 1
      • Introduction = 2
      • What Is Motivational Psychology About? = 2
      • A Preliminary Definition of Motivation = 3
      • How Free are We to Act as We Wish? = 3
      • The Problem of Freedom = 3
      • Determinism = 4
      • The Mind-Body Puzzle = 6
      • Dualisms = 7
      • Monisms = 9
      • Scientific Theory = 12
      • Why We Must Have Theory = 12
      • Nature of Scientific Theory = 13
      • Criteria for Goodness of a Theory = 15
      • Explanation = 17
      • The Language of Science = 17
      • Syntactics : Rules for Using Signs = 18
      • Semantics : Rules for Using Words = 18
      • Operational Definitions of Psychological Concepts = 19
      • Circular Definitions = 20
      • Intervening Variables = 20
      • Putting Together a Theory = 22
      • Defining Motivation = 24
      • The Regulatory Approach = 25
      • The Purposive Approach = 25
      • Motivational Intervening Variables = 26
      • Desire and Aversion as Intervening Variables = 26
      • 2 Emotional Foundations of Motivation = 32
      • Introduction = 33
      • What Purpose Do Emotions Serve? = 33
      • The Beginnings of Modern Research and Theory = 34
      • The James-Lange Theory = 34
      • The Cannon-Bard Theory = 35
      • Discovery of Important Subcortical Brain Structures = 36
      • Contemporary Study of Emotion = 36
      • Structure of Affect = 37
      • Defining Emotions as Intervening Variables = 38
      • The Measurement of Emotion = 39
      • The Biology of Emotion = 42
      • Divisions of the Nervous System = 42
      • Hemispheric Differences in Emotion = 43
      • Subcortical Structures for Positive Affect = 43
      • Subcortical Structures for Negative Affect = 48
      • Theories of Emotion = 48
      • Discrete Emotion Theories = 48
      • Evidence for Discrete Emotions = 49
      • Dimensional Theories of Emotion = 54
      • Cognitive Theories of Emotion = 59
      • Overview of Motivation and Emotion = 67
      • Discrete Theories = 67
      • Dimensional Theories = 67
      • Cognitive Theories = 67
      • 3 Species Specific Behaviors = 69
      • Introductory Examples = 70
      • The Curious Case of the Cowbird = 70
      • Cricket Song = 71
      • The Problems of Instinct Theory = 72
      • Meanings of Instinct = 72
      • History of the Instinct Concept = 74
      • The Ethological Approach to Behavior = 78
      • The Ethogram = 78
      • Erbkoordination = 78
      • Hierarchical Ordering of Action = 79
      • Vacuum Reactions and Displacement = 79
      • The Evolution of Behavior = 81
      • Darwin's Theory = 81
      • Mendel's Theory of Genes = 82
      • Evolutionary versus Environmental Contributions to Behavior = 84
      • Evolutionary Psychology = 88
      • Stimulus Control of Species-Specific Behavior = 90
      • Examples = 90
      • Releasing Stimuli = 91
      • Interaction of Internal States and Releasers = 92
      • Acquired Stimulus Control = 92
      • 4 Eating and Taste = 96
      • Classic Homeostatic Theory = 97
      • Constancy of the Internal Environment = 97
      • Homeostasis = 97
      • Homeostatic Signals = 98
      • Hunger as a Homeostatic Need = 99
      • Feedback and Feed Forward Signals = 99
      • Inherent Limitations of the Homeostatic Model = 101
      • Brain Mechanisms for Feeding = 103
      • The Dual Hypothalamic Theory of Hunger = 103
      • Pleasure Centers and Feeding = 106
      • Taste and Feeding = 108
      • Palatability = 108
      • Taste Qualities and Their Stimuli = 108
      • Primary Taste Qualities and Hunger = 108
      • Learning and Consummatory Behavior = 111
      • The Classical Conditioning Paradigm = 111
      • What Is Learned in Classical Conditioning? = 113
      • Conditioning and Feeding Behavior = 116
      • Social Factors in Eating = 118
      • Eating Disorders and Their Treatment = 120
      • Definition of Eating Disorders = 120
      • Obesity = 120
      • Anorexia Nervosa = 122
      • Anorexia Bulimia = 123
      • 5 Thirst, Temperature Regulation, Addiction, and Reproduction = 125
      • Thirst and Drinking = 126
      • Regulatory Drinking = 126
      • Nonregulatory Drinking = 130
      • Do Animals Learn to Avoid Getting Thirsty? = 131
      • Regulation of Body Temperature = 132
      • Mechanisms of Temperature Regulation = 134
      • Organization of Thermoregulatory Responses = 135
      • Fever = 136
      • Drug Addiction = 137
      • General Principles of Drug Action = 137
      • Nonspecific Factors Affecting Drug Actions = 138
      • How Do We Identify Addiction? = 139
      • Theories of Addiction = 139
      • Reproductive Behavior = 143
      • Sexual Arousal versus Sexual Arousability = 143
      • What Stimuli Are Important in Sexual Attraction? = 143
      • Internal Factors = 145
      • Emotions and Sex = 146
      • The Human Sexual Response = 147
      • Sexual Orientation = 148
      • 6 Drive and Activation = 151
      • Drive Theory = 152
      • Background = 152
      • Hull's Drive Theory = 153
      • Why Do We Call Some Variables Motivational? = 155
      • Evaluating Drive Theory = 156
      • Human Applications of Drive Theory = 157
      • Drive Stimulus Theory = 159
      • Learned Drives = 160
      • Fear as an Acquired Drive = 160
      • Activation Theory = 164
      • Background = 164
      • RAS Activation = 164
      • Optimal Level of Arousal Theory = 166
      • Comparison of Drive and Activation Theories = 170
      • Problems with RAS Activation Theory = 170
      • Environmental Stimulation and Arousal = 171
      • Humor and Aesthetics = 174
      • 7 Rewards as Reinforcers = 178
      • Instrumental Conditioning = 179
      • Thorndike and the Law of Effect = 179
      • Skinner and Operant Conditioning = 181
      • When to Deliver Rewards = 182
      • Bridging Delay between Response and Reinforcement = 182
      • Extinction = 183
      • Generalization and Discrimination = 183
      • Building Behavior by Shaping = 183
      • Maintaining Behavior : Schedules of Reinforcement = 184
      • Theories of Rewards as Reinforcers = 187
      • Response Theories = 187
      • Motivational Theories = 189
      • Stimulus Theories = 190
      • Secondary Reinforcement = 192
      • Intrinsic Motivation Versus External Rewards = 194
      • Self-Determination Theory = 194
      • Expanded Reinforcement Theory : Behavioral Economics = 197
      • 8 Rewards as Incentives = 201
      • The Concept of Incentive Motivation = 202
      • Are Rewards Necessary for Learning? = 202
      • How Does Incentive Motivation Develop? = 207
      • Response Mediation Theory = 207
      • Classically Conditioned Responses as Mediators($$r_g$$ Theory) = 207
      • Central Processes : Emotional Mediation = 209
      • Incentive Valence = 210
      • General Theoretical Approaches = 211
      • Tolman's Purposive Behaviorism = 211
      • Young's Experimental Hedonism = 214
      • Two-Process Learning Theory = 215
      • Lang's Affect Modulation Theory = 217
      • Incentives and Fantasy = 220
      • Commitments and Concerns = 220
      • Disengagement from Incentives = 220
      • 9 Escape, Fear, Avoidance, and Punishment = 222
      • Instrumental Escape Learning = 223
      • Variables Affecting Animal Escape Learning = 223
      • Theories for Escape Learning = 225
      • Conditioned Aversion : Fear = 227
      • Historical Background and Clinical Importance = 227
      • Unlearned Sources of Fear = 227
      • Learned Sources of Fear = 228
      • Classical Conditioning of Fear = 229
      • Preattentive Conditioning = 230
      • Phobias = 232
      • Modifying Fears = 232
      • Avoidance Learning = 234
      • Laboratory Avoidance = 234
      • Interpretations of Avoidance Behavior = 236
      • Evidence for Fear in Avoidance = 237
      • Is a CS Necessary for Avoidance? = 240
      • Cognitive Interpretations of Avoidance = 242
      • Punishment = 243
      • Defining Punishment = 244
      • Suppressive Effects of Punishment = 244
      • Response Factors in Punishment = 245
      • Stimulus Factors in Punishment = 245
      • Potential Problems Using Punishment = 247
      • 10 Frustration, Conflict, Anxiety, Stress, and Coping = 249
      • Frustration = 250
      • Frustration Defined as an Intervening Variable = 250
      • Frustration as Emotion = 251
      • Frustration and Opponent Process Theory = 252
      • Variables Affecting the Intensity of Frustration Responses = 252
      • Frustration as Drive = 253
      • Conflict Theory = 257
      • Conflict as a Source of Frustration = 257
      • Miller's Theory of Conflict = 257
      • Anxiety = 261
      • Anxiety versus Fear = 261
      • State versus Trait Anxiety = 262
      • General Theories of Anxiety = 263
      • Cognitive Aspects of Anxiety = 265
      • Stress = 266
      • Historical Background : The General Adaptation Syndrome = 266
      • Definitions of Stress = 267
      • Sources of Stress = 268
      • Stress and the Environment = 268
      • Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Stress = 270
      • Stress and Control = 271
      • Lack of Control and Learned Helplessness = 274
      • Personality Moderators of Stress = 277
      • A Brighter Outlook on Stress = 279
      • Coping = 280
      • Nature of Coping = 280
      • Classification of Coping Mechanisms = 280
      • Stress Management Techniques = 281
      • 11 Aggression and Altruism = 284
      • Agression = 285
      • What Do We Mean by Aggression? = 286
      • Animal Aggressive Behavior = 285
      • Multiprocess Views of Aggression = 286
      • Environmental Causes of Animal Aggression = 287
      • Biological Conditions = 288
      • Hormones and Neurotransmitters = 289
      • Human Aggression = 290
      • The Role of Intent = 290
      • Variables Influencing Human Aggression = 291
      • Environmental Factors = 291
      • Social Factors = 294
      • Television Viewing and Aggression = 296
      • Theories of Human Aggression = 299
      • Drive Theory = 299
      • Social Learning Theory = 302
      • Social Cognitive Theory = 303
      • Social Interaction Theory = 305
      • Control of Aggression = 307
      • The Institution of War and Other Evils = 308
      • Altruism = 310
      • Bystander Apathy = 311
      • Situational Influences = 311
      • Characteristics of the Victim = 313
      • Characteristics of the Helper = 313
      • Theories of Prosocial Behavior = 314
      • The Role of Empathy = 316
      • 12 Personality and Individual Differences = 318
      • Theories of Personality = 319
      • Trait Theories = 319
      • Dynamic(Motivational) Theories = 320
      • Achievement Motivation = 322
      • McClelland's Theory = 322
      • Atkinson's Expectancy-Value Theory = 325
      • Attribution Theory and Achievement Motivation = 331
      • The Spence-Helmreich Achievement Theory = 335
      • Power and Control Motives = 336
      • Power Motivation = 336
      • Competence and Effectance = 339
      • Desire for Control = 340
      • Sensation Seeking = 341
      • Description and Measurement of Sensation Seeking = 341
      • Theory of Sensation Seeking = 343
      • Information Processing Motives = 345
      • Control Theory = 345
      • Hunt's Information Processing Model = 347
      • Loewenstein's Information-Gap Theory = 348
      • The Need for Closure = 349
      • The Need for Cognition = 350
      • 13 Attitudes and Cognitive Consistency = 352
      • The Nature of Attitudes = 353
      • What Do We Mean by Attitude? = 353
      • Attitude Measurement = 354
      • When Do Attitudes Predict Behavior? = 356
      • Biology of Attitudes = 357
      • Processes Underlying Attitude Development and Change = 358
      • Dual Process Theories = 358
      • Classical Conditioning = 359
      • Imitation and Reinforcement = 362
      • Attitudes and Cognitive Consistency = 362
      • Meaning of Cognitive Consistency = 363
      • Balance Theory = 363
      • Are Consistency Effects Conscious? = 365
      • Attitudes and Cognitive Dissonance = 366
      • When Prophecy Fails = 366
      • Definition of Cognitive Dissonance = 366
      • Attitude Change and Forced Compliance = 367
      • Conditions Necessary to Produce Attitude Change = 368
      • Major Questions about Dissonance Theory = 369
      • Alternative Explanations for Dissonance Effects = 372
      • Conformity and Nonconformity = 375
      • 14 Interpersonal Attraction = 377
      • Affiliation = 378
      • Why Do People Affiliate? = 378
      • Biological Factors in Affiliation = 378
      • Interpersonal Attraction = 381
      • Physical Attractiveness = 381
      • Other Determinants of Attractiveness = 383
      • Evolutionary Approaches to Attractiveness = 385
      • Theories of Liking and Loving = 389
      • A Bit of Background = 389
      • Theories = 389
      • 15 Applications of Motivation Theory = 397
      • Job Motivation and Satisfaction = 398
      • Orientation to Job Motivation = 398
      • Theories of Job Motivation = 400
      • Job Satisfaction = 405
      • Theories of Job Satisfaction = 407
      • Motivation in Sports = 409
      • Orientation = 409
      • What Motivation Theories Apply to Sports? = 410
      • Why Do People Play Sports? = 410
      • Why Do People Watch Sports? = 412
      • Motivation and Sports Performance = 413
      • Aggression in Sports = 415
      • Environment and Performance = 417
      • Motivation and Advertising = 418
      • The Communication Model = 419
      • The Source = 420
      • The Message = 421
      • The Audience = 422
      • Subliminal Advertising = 422
      • Self-Help Tapes = 423
      • References = 426
      • Author Index = 457
      • Subject Index = 463
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