야생조류 말라리아 유병율과 유전적 다양성

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Avian malaria is one of the mosquito-borne diseases caused by Plasmodium species. Although the disease often shows asymptomatic in healthy birds, it shows high pathogenicity in birds with immunosuppression or young birds. Moreover, its introduction to new regions or species, including cases leading to high mortality, poses a threat to endangered species.
This study conducted to determine the prevalence of avian malaria among wild birds rescued in Jeonbuk state and to investigate their transmission and genetic variation of Plasmodium through molecular analysis. Additionally, it sought to establish hematologic and clincial chemistry reference intervals for species predominantly rescued in Jeonbuk state and to analyze clinical characteristics by comparing them with birds infected with avian malaria.
In chapter I, hematologic and clinical chemistry reference intervals for six species were established commonly rescued in the Jeonbuk state : Eurasian eagle-owl, Domestic pigeon, Oriental turtle dove, Brown hawk-owl, Eurasian magpie and Common kestrel. This study marked the first determination of reference intervals for the Brown hawk-owl and Eurasian magpie. The hematological and clinical chemistry reference intervals obtained from this study, focusing on wild birds that had been rescued and released into wild, were likely to server as valuable guidelines for diagnosing and treating rescue wild birds.
In chapter II, we confirmed the prevalence of avian malaria and retrospectively analyzed the medical records of wild birds diagnosed with avian malaria. Avian malaria has been consistently detected in Jeonbuk state since 2017, despite being a mosquito-borne disease, and it is detected year-round, throughout all seasons. Reviewing the medical records of individuals diagnosed with avian malaria, no cases were found where the disease directly caused mortality, but it cannot be excluded that worsened the condition of birds with immunosuppression.
In chapter III, while detected in many bird species, the genetic diversity of Plasmodium species was found to be highest in the Passeriformes and Columbiformes in this study. The detection of diverse lineages within the same species and the detection of the same lineage across different species suggested significant genetic sharing among wild birds. Although the possibility of transmission to humans is low, there is a high potential for transmission among poultry species.
In summary, avian malaria became an endemic disease in Jeonbuk state, posing no significant threat to healthy wild birds in Jeonbuk state. However, it may pose a threat to young birds or immunosuppressed birds due to other factors. While the likelihood of transmission to humans is low, there is ample potential for transmission among bird species. Given the high genetic diversity and significant prevalence of avian malaria in the Passeriformes and Columbiformes, continuous monitoring was necessary, with a focus on these two orders.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract 1
• General Introduction 4
• Chapter I Hematologic and clinical chemistry reference intervals in wild birds 16
• Introduction 17
• Material and methods 19
• Sample collection 19
• Hematologic profiles 22
• Clinical chemistry profiles. 25
• Statistical analysis 26
• Results 27
• Animal 27
• Comparison of hematologic and clinical chemistry parameters among six species 28
• Hematologic and clinical chemistry reference interval of Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo Bubo) 31
• Hematologic and clinical chemistry reference interval of Oriental turtle dove (Streptopelia orientalis) 34
• Hematologic and clinical chemistry reference interval of Domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) 37
• Hematologic and clinical chemistry reference interval of Brown hawk-owl (Ninox scutulata) 40
• Hematologic and clinical chemistry reference interval of Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) 43
• Hematologic and clinical chemistry reference interval of Eurasian magpie (Pica pica) 46
• Discussion 49
• Chapter II Prevalence and clinical characteristic of avian malaria in Jeonbuk state 53
• Introduction 54
• Material and methods 56
• Sample collection 56
• DNA extraction 62
• Real-time polymerase chain reaction 63
• Conventional polymerase chain reaction 65
• Climate 67
• Medical record 68
• Statistical analysis 69
• Results 70
• Prevalence of Plasmodium species 70
• Monthly average temperatures and precipitation for each year 84
• Medical records of patients with Plasmodium detected 86
• Discussion 98
• Chapter III Molecular characteristic of avian malaria in Jeonbuk state 103
• Introduction 104
• Material and methods 106
• Lineage analysis 106
• Bayesian evolutionary analysis 107
• Phylogenetic analysis 108
• Results 109
• Lineage 109
• Bayesian evolutionary analysis 120
• Geographical diversity according to life cycles of wild birds 122
• Comparative analysis of Plasmodium spp. isolated from human, poultry, and wild birds 127
• Median joining network 129
• Discussion 132
• General conclusion 135
• Bibliography 137
• Abstract in Korean 154