From a constructivist perspective, the educational paradigm shifts from teacher-centered to learner-centered participatory methods that the meaning of the design expanded to designing strategies and methods to facilitate learning through interacti...
From a constructivist perspective, the educational paradigm shifts from teacher-centered to learner-centered participatory methods that the meaning of the design expanded to designing strategies and methods to facilitate learning through interaction between the professor and the learner and various learning activities. Online discussion activities are one of the most focused methods to help learners develop high order thinking skills by supporting social interaction and reflection activities. However, in an online learning environment where professors and learners are separated, it is difficult for learners to simultaneously acquire learning prescription to manage, reflect, and coordinate non-simultaneous online discussion activities.
In a way to facilitate the participation of learners and improve the quality of interactions during online discussions, the Learning Analytics Dashboard(LAD) provides learners with information about how they are participating in online discussions and what needs to be improved, while providing them with the opportunity to reflect on their discussion activities. However, effectively using dashboard to support learners' self-reflection requires a functional shift in the macro aspect of the instructor as a facilitator. However, the results of literature review show that there is a lack of instructional management strategies to provide prescriptive feedback on the discussion activities based on appropriate intervention through role changes and dashboard results,
This study aims to develop the instructional strategies with specific guidance for support self-reflection using dashboard on online discussion activities according to instructor and learners' responses. In this study, design and development research method type 2 was conducted to explore and relevant design strategies. Firstly, initial instructional strategies were developed through literature review. Secondly, internal validation was conducted with six educational technology experts in two stages. And then, learners' reaction to the instructional strategies were evaluated through in-depth interviews and questionnaires after they were attended online discussion activity using an online discussion system for one week. Finally, the final revised instructional strategies consists of eight general strategies were developed in accordance with four reflection procedures: ‘Learning for reflection’, ‘reflection for discussion activities,’ ‘reflection in discussion activities,’ and ‘reflection on discussion activities’ with 20 detailed guidelines were derived by analyzing learners' opinions.
Based on the results of the study, implications about the effectiveness and the improvements of the instructional strategies were developed. These issues for future studies were suggested that include the study of continuously improves the effectiveness of the developed instructional strategies, the study of the individualized instructional strategy considering the characteristics of learners, the study using the dashboard to improve the quality of discussion through analysis of discussion contents and the study on the instructional model for the establishment of artificial intelligence-based feedback system.
The results obtained in this research include thelearners responded that it was a good learning experience to monitor the degreeof participation and interaction in real time using the dashboard throughtimely feedback from the professor during the discussion process. However, theguide of discussion activity has been provided, it was unsure how to identifythe dashboard and how to use the contents for the course.
This study developed instructional strategies which support self-reflection using dashboard in online discussion activities. It is meaningful that the instructional management strategies derived from the review of prior literature provided specific guidance and examples that could be available to the professors through the iterative modification and complementary process based on the twice expert reviews and responses of instructors and learners.