Multidisciplinary Functional MR Imaging for Prostate Cancer

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Various functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques are used for evaluating prostate cancer including diffusion-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, and MR spectroscopy. These techniques provide unique information that is helpful to differentiate prostate cancer from non-cancerous tissue and have been proven to improve the diagnostic performance of MRI not only for cancer detection, but also for staging, post-treatment monitoring, and guiding prostate biopsies. However, each functional MR imaging technique also has inherent challenges. Therefore, in order to make accurate diagnoses, it is important to comprehensively understand their advantages and limitations, histologic background related with image findings, and their clinical relevance for evaluating prostate cancer. This article will review the basic principles and clinical significance of functional MR imaging for evaluating prostate cancer.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Kim JK, "Wash-in rate on the basis of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: usefulness for prostate cancer detection and localization" 22 : 639-646, 2005

2 Bando H, "Vascular endothelial growth factor and bevacitumab in breast cancer" 14 : 163-173, 2007

3 Jackson MW, "Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia" 157 : 2323-2328, 1997

4 Kim CK, "Value of diffusionweighted imaging for the prediction of prostate cancer location at 3T using a phased-array coil: preliminary results" 42 : 842-847, 2007

5 Kim CK, "Update of prostate magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T" 32 : 163-172, 2008

6 Zakian KL, "Transition zone prostate cancer: metabolic characteristics at 1H MR spectroscopic imaging -- initial results" 229 : 241-247, 2003

7 Hambrock T, "Thirty-two-channel coil 3T magnetic resonance-guided biopsies of prostate tumor suspicious regions identified on multimodality 3T magnetic resonance imaging: technique and feasibility" 43 : 686-694, 2008

8 Shukla-Dave A, "The utility of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for predicting insignificant prostate cancer: an initial analysis" 99 : 786-793, 2007

9 Fu ¨tterer JJ, "Staging prostate cancer with dynamic contrast-enhanced endorectal MR imaging prior to radical prostatectomy: experienced versus less experienced readers" 237 : 541-549, 2005

10 Le Bihan D, "Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging" 168 : 497-505, 1988

11 Coakley FV, "Radiologic anatomy of the prostate gland: a clinical approach" 38 : 15-30, 2000

12 Prando A, "Prostatic biopsy directed with endorectal MR spectroscopic imaging findings in patients with elevated prostate specific antigen levels and prior negative biopsy findings: early experience" 236 : 903-910, 2005

13 Haider MA, "Prostate gland: MR imaging appearance after vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with palladiumbacteriopheophorbide" 244 : 196-204, 2007

14 Tamada T, "Prostate cancer: relationships between postbiopsy hemorrhage and tumor detectability at MR diagnosis" 248 : 531-539, 2008

15 Scheidler J, "Prostate cancer: localization with threedimensional proton MR spectroscopic imaging -- clinicopathologic study" 213 : 473-480, 1999

16 Buckley DL, "Prostate cancer: evaluation of vascular characteristics with dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging -- initial experience" 233 : 709-715, 2004

17 Lim HK, "Prostate cancer: apparent diffusion coefficient map with T2-weighted images for detection─ a multireader study" 250 : 145-151, 2009

18 Bloch BN, "Prostate cancer: accurate determination of extracapsular extension with high-spatial-resolution dynamic contrast-enhanced and T2-weighted MR imaging -- initial results" 245 : 176-185, 2007

19 Tanimoto A, "Prostate cancer screening: the clinical value of diffusionweighted imaging and dynamic MR imaging in combination with T2-weighted imaging" 25 : 146-152, 2007

20 Fu ¨tterer JJ, "Prostate cancer localization with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging" 241 : 449-458, 2006

21 Chen M, "Prostate cancer detection: comparison of T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, and the three techniques combined" 49 : 602-610, 2008

22 Miao H, "Prostate cancer detection with 3- T MRI: comparison of diffusion-weighted and T2-weighted imaging" 61 : 297-302, 2007

23 Kim CK, "Prostate MR imaging at 3T using a phased-arrayed coil in predicting locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiation therapy: preliminary experience" 2009

24 Brix G, "Pharmacokinetic parameters in CNS Gd-DTPA enhanced MR imaging" 15 : 621-628, 1991

25 Qayyum A, "Organ-confined prostate cancer: effect of prior transrectal biopsy on endorectal MRI and MR spectroscopic imaging" 183 : 1079-1083, 2004

26 Tofts PS, "Modeling tracer kinetics in dynamic Gd-DTPA MR imaging" 7 : 91-101, 1997

27 Larsson HB, "Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeability using dynamic Gd-DTPA scanning -- a comparison of methods" 24 : 174-176, 1992

28 Barrett T, "MRI of tumor angiogenesis" 26 : 235-249, 2007

29 Cornfeld DM, "MR imaging of the prostate: 1.5T versus 3T" 15 : 433-448, 2007

30 Kim CK, "Localization of prostate cancer using 3T MRI: comparison of T2-weighted and dynamic contrastenhanced imaging" 30 : 7-11, 2006

31 Park BK, "Lesion localization in patients with a previous negative transrectal ultrasound biopsy and persistently elevated prostate specific antigen level using diffusion-weighted imaging at three Tesla before rebiopsy" 43 : 789-793, 2008

32 Fu ¨tterer JJ, "Initial experience of 3 tesla endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging and 1H-spectroscopic imaging of the prostate" 39 : 671-680, 2004

33 Issa B, "In vivo measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient in normal and malignant prostatic tissues using echo-planar imaging" 16 : 196-200, 2002

34 Hricak H, "Imaging prostate cancer: a multidisciplinary perspective" 243 : 28-53, 2007

35 Choi YJ, "Functional MR imaging of prostate cancer" 27 : 63-75, 2007

36 Morgan VA, "Evaluation of the potential of diffusion-weighted imaging in prostate cancer detection" 48 : 695-703, 2007

37 Hosseinzadeh K, "Endorectal diffusion-weighted imaging in prostate cancer to differentiate malignant and benign peripheral zone tissue" 20 : 654-661, 2004

38 Casciani E, "Endorectal and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy" 190 : 1187-1192, 2008

39 Oyen RH, "Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the prostate: is this the way to proceed for characterization of prostatic carcinoma?" 13 : 921-924, 2003

40 Ocak I, "Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of prostate cancer at 3 T: a study of pharmacokinetic parameters" 189 : 849-, 2007

41 Padhani AR, "Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of prostate cancer: correlation with morphology and tumour stage, histological grade and PSA" 55 : 99-109, 2000

42 Engelbrecht MR, "Discrimination of prostate cancer from normal peripheral zone and central gland tissue by using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging" 229 : 248-254, 2003

43 Kim CK, "Diffusionweighted MR imaging for the evaluation of seminal vesicle invasion in prostate cancer: initial results" 28 : 963-969, 2008

44 Gibbs P, "Diffusion imaging of the prostate at 3.0 tesla" 41 : 185-188, 2006

45 Somford DM, "Diffusion and perfusion MR imaging of the prostate" 16 : 685-695, 2008

46 Sato C, "Differentiation of noncancerous tissue and cancer lesions by apparent diffusion coefficient values in transition and peripheral zones of the prostate" 21 : 258-262, 2005

47 Zakian KL, "Correlation of proton MR spectroscopic imaging with gleason score based on step-section pathologic analysis after radical prostatectomy" 234 : 804-814, 2005

48 Evelhoch J, Brown T, Chenevet T, Clarke L, Daniel B, Degani H, "Consensus recommendation for acquisition of dynamic contrasted-enhanced MRI data in oncology"

49 Vos PC, "Computerized analysis of prostate lesions in the peripheral zone using dynamic contrast enhanced MRI" 35 : 888-899, 2008

50 Gibbs P, "Comparison of quantitative T2 mapping and diffusion-weighted imaging in the normal and pathologic prostate" 46 : 1054-1058, 2001

51 van Dorsten FA, "Combined quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and (1)HMR spectroscopic imaging of human prostate cancer" 20 : 279-287, 2004

52 Haider MA, "Combined T2-weighted and diffusionweighted MRI for localization of prostate cancer" 189 : 323-328, 2007

53 Moseley ME, "Clinical aspects of DWI" 8 : 387-396, 1995

54 Males RG, "Clinical application of BASING and spectral/spatial water and lipid suppression pulses for prostate cancer staging and localization by in vivo 3D 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging" 43 : 17-22, 2000

55 Mulkern RV, "Biexponential characterization of prostate tissue water diffusion decay curves over an extended b-factor range" 24 : 563-568, 2006

56 Kim JH, "Apparent diffusion coefficient: prostate cancer versus noncancerous tissue according to anatomical region" 28 : 1173-1179, 2008

57 Tamada T, "Apparent diffusion coefficient values in peripheral and transition zones of the prostate: comparison between normal and malignant prostatic tissues and correlation with histologic grade" 28 : 720-726, 2008

58 Tamada T, "Age-related and zonal anatomical changes of apparent diffusion coefficient values in normal human prostatic tissues" 27 : 552-556, 2008

59 Kurhanewicz J, "Advances in MR spectroscopy of the prostate" 16 : 697-710, 2008