NaCl plus chitosan as a dietary salt to prevent the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The effect of NaCl plus 3% chitosan on the systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were evaluated and compared with NaCl plus KCl (NaCl, 49.36% + KCl 49.36%) and chitosan or NaCl treatment alone. In SHR, administration of NaCl plus chitosan (44 mM Na/day) for two months significantly decreased the systolic blood pressure greater than of NaCl plus KCl and NaCl alone. NaCl plus chitosan resulted, though not statistically significant, in decreased urinary Na+ excretion and decreased blood urea nitrogen levels. Urinary creatinine of NaCl plus chitosan was slightly decreased compared to 3 treated groups. Serum electrolytes levels, however, remained unchanged. The combination of NaCl and chitosan may be superior to the conventional use of NaCl plus KCl or NaCl alone in the prevention of hypertension. Even though these supplementary diets have demonstrated potential anti-hypertensive effects in the experimental animal model, further research is needed before any recommendations can be made.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Zhu YZ, "Urotensin II causes fatal circulatory collapse in anesthesized monkeys in vivo: a “vasoconstrictor” with a unique hemodynamic profile" 286 : H830-H836, 2004

2 Jenei Z, "The epidemiology of hypertension and its associated risk factors in the city of Debrecen, Hungary" 116 : 138-144, 2002

3 Yang HY, "Soyabean protein hydrolysate prevents the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats" 92 : 507-512, 2004

4 Terragno DA, "Prostaglandin synthesis by bovine mesenteric arteries and veins" 36 (36): 76-80, 1975

5 Kimura Y, "Prevention by chitosan of myelotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity and immunocompetent organic toxicity induced by 5-fluorouracil without loss of antitumor activity in mice" 90 : 765-774, 1999

6 Jo I, "Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and risk factors of hypertension in Korea: the Ansan study" 19 : 1523-1532, 2001

7 Wu DM, "Prevalence and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among healthy adults in a Chinese population: the MJ Health Screening Center Study in Taiwan" 25 : 1189-1195, 2001

8 de Wardener HE, "Plasma sodium and hypertension" 66 : 2454-2466, 2004

9 Boorman GA, "Pathology of the Fischer Rat" Academic Press 132-137, 1990

10 Je JY, "Isolation of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor from fermented oyster sauce, Crassostrea gigas" 90 : 809-814, 2005

11 Singh RB, "Hypertension and stroke in Asia: prevalence, control and strategies in developing countries for prevention" 14 : 749-763, 2000

12 Williams B, "Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV" 18 : 139-185, 2004

13 Tanaka M, "Genetically determined chloride-sensitive hypertension and stroke" 94 : 14748-14752, 1997

14 Koike H, "Effects of long-term blockade of angiotensin converting enzyme with captopril (SQ14,225) on hemodynamics and circulating blood volume in SHR" 2 : 299-303, 1980

15 Mélançon S, "Effects of high-sucrose feeding on insulin resistance and hemodynamic responses to insulin in spontaneously hypertensive rats" 290 : H2571-H2581, 2006

16 Kim D, "Effects of aqueous extracts of Apocynum venetum leaves on spontaneously hypertensive, renal hypertensive and NaClfed- hypertensive rats" 72 : 53-59, 2000

17 Mhurchu CN, "Effect of chitosan on weight loss in overweight and obese individuals: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials" 6 : 35-42, 2005

18 Chen Q, "Effect of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from rice dregs protein on antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats" 16 (16): 281-285, 2007

19 Chrysant GS, "Dietary salt reduction in hypertension--what is the evidence and why is it still controversial?" 42 : 23-38, 1999

20 Koide SS, "Chitin-chitosan: Properties, benefits and risks" 18 : 1091-1101, 1998

21 Hutchinson JS, "Blood pressure responses of conscious normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats to intracerebroventricular and peripheral administration of captopril" 2 : 546-550, 1980

22 Kannel WB, "Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor: prevention and treatment" 275 : 1571-1576, 1996

23 Muntner P, "Antihypertensive prescriptions for newly treated patients before and after the main antihypertensive nd lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial results and seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure guidelines" 53 : 617-623, 2009

24 Deshmukh M, "Antihypertensive medications and their effects on lipid metabolism" 8 : 214-220, 2008

25 Je JY, "Antihypertensive activity of chitin derivatives" 83 : 250-254, 2006

26 Nakamura S, "Angiotensin receptors contribute to blood pressure homeostasis in salt-depleted SHR" 284 : R164-R173, 2003

27 Fukuda S, "Age-related changes in blood pressure, hematological values, concentrations of serum biochemical constituents and weights of organs in the SHR/Izm, SHRSP/Izm and WKY/Izm" 53 : 67-72, 2004

28 Majima M, "A nonpeptide mimic of bradykinin blunts the development of hypertension in young spontaneously hypertensive rats" 35 : 437-442, 2000