세계사의 맥락에서 본 20세기 초 내륙아시아 조사 활동 : 스벤 헤딘과 오타니 고즈이 = Early 20th Century Inner Asian Expeditions in the Context of World History:The Cases of Sven Hedin and Ōtani Kozui

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The late 19th to early 20th century was the prime time for the expeditions in Inner Asia. Along the routes taken by the expeditions from Europe, America, and Japan, a great amount of new historical and archaeological materials were unearthed. A large part of Inner Asia, such as Eastern Turkestan and Tibet then was within the Qing dynasty’s territory. Even though the Qing was in decline, the foreign expedition teams could not freely choose their expedition routes. The complex international relations ensued from the imperial powers’ pursuit for expansion into Inner Asia and the Qing’s effort to resist them resulted in many restrictions on entering certain regions. In previous scholarship, little attention has been paid to this complex situation behind the Inner Asian expeditions.
This essay examines the restrictions on Sven Hedin and Ōani Kozui’s expeditions to Inner Asia based on the newly found materials that had been preserved in Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. The first section of the essay discusses the conflicts between Britain, Russia, and Qing over Tibet. In 1904, the British Empire invaded Tibet and signed the Treaty of Lhasa, and succeeded in preventing Russia’s exertion of power over Tibet. In 1906, in an effort to reconcile with the Qing, Britain signed the Convention between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet. Then in 1907, Anglo-Russian Convention was concluded between Britain and Russia, both agreeing not to intervene with Tibet.
The last section looks into the restrictions that Ōani Expedition suffered during their second and third expeditions. In 1909-1910, Ōani requested to the British Indian Government permission to travel through Karakorum Pass and to conduct research in Nepal and Tibet, only to receive a series of rejections. Afterwards, Ōani visited Britain and declared that his expedition team would go to Inner Asia via Russia and would not conduct research in Tibet. However, Ōani later on changed the research plan of one of his members, Aoki Bunkyo, and ordered him to sneak into Tibet without any official authorization from the British Indian Government.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말
• Ⅱ. ‘영러협상’과 ‘삼국협상’
• Ⅲ. 스벤 헤딘의 티베트 잠입
• Ⅳ. 오타니 고즈이의 北京에서의 對淸交涉
• Ⅴ. 헤딘, 티베트 시가체에서의 체류
• Ⅵ. 영국·영국령 인도 정청의 오타니 고즈이의 티베트 조사 거부
• Ⅶ. 영국·영국령 인도 정청의 오타니 탐험조사대
• 카라코람 고개 통과 거부
• Ⅷ. 오타니 고즈이의 영국에 대한 저항
• Ⅸ. 맺음말

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 外務省条約局, "英, 米, 仏, 露ノ各国及支那国間ノ条約"

2 田涛, "清朝条約全集 第三巻" 黒竜江人民出版 1996

3 中国第一歴史档案館, "清季中外使領年表" 中華書局 222-, 1985

4 栗原健, "対満蒙政 策史の一面" 原書房 1966

5 白須淨眞, "大谷探検隊研究の新たな地平 アジア広域調査活動と外務省外交記録" 勉誠出版 16-, 2012

6 白須淨眞, "大谷光瑞と国際政治社会 チベット, 探検隊, 辛亥革命" 勉誠出版 2011

7 白須淨眞, "大谷光瑞とスヴェン·ヘディン 内陸アジア探検と国際政治社会" 勉誠出版 2014

8 箱田恵子, "外交官の誕生 近代中国の対外態勢の変容と在外公館" 名古屋大学出版会 204-205, 2012

9 "北京特信"

10 張暁輝, "中華民国第一任内閣総理 唐紹儀" 珠海出版社 2006

11 高本康子, "チベット学問僧として生きた日本人－多田等観の生涯" 芙蓉書房出版 2012

12 Hedin, Sven, "Trans-Himalaya , vol.Ⅰ" 377-,