조선총독부박물관의 중국 문화재 수집 : 關野貞의 수집 활동을 중심으로 = The Collection of Chinese Cultural Heritages Collected by the Government-General of Korea Museum - Focused on the collecting activities of Sekino Tadashi

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Government-General of Korea Museum (hereafter, GGKM) was operated for about thirty years from its opening in 1915 to its closure directly after the end of the Second World War in 1945. As the leading institution of its kind in Korea during the colonial period, the museum, unlike its counterpart, the Yi Royal Family Museum (later known as the Yi Royal Family Art Museum), employed research personnel to conduct survey and research activities. The museum expanded its collections by transferring the archaeological discoveries made by its excavation team to public ownership or control, and through purchases and donations of newly registered heritage items. Some 14,879 items were collected by the museum up until 1945. A great majority of theseitems were "historical materials that shed light on changes in Korean culture," althoughthey also included archaeological items excavated outside the Korean Peninsula, in China and Japan in particular. The National Museum of Korea received these overseas itemswhen the Korean government took over the museum along with its collections in 1945.
The main focus of this paper is the Chinese artifacts which the GGKM purchased in 1918. According to the related documents, the Chinese collection consisting of 263 items classified into 136 types, whose registration numbers range from "Main Hall 6567" to "Main Hall 6702", was purchased from two Japanese collectors, one of whom was Eto Namio. Historians recently foundnew information in the official documents of the Government-General of Korea following their opening to the public. They revealed that the purchase of the Chinese artifacts in 1918 was led by Sekino Tadashi (1868-1935), who is now well known among Korean historians for his role in the archaeological and architectural surveys conducted in Korea in 1902 and 1909 and, after Korea
was brought under Japanese colonial rule, for his activities as a member of the Cultural Heritage Survey Commission and the Museums Association, including his active involvement in the policies of the Japanese colonial authority.
According to some of the extant official documents, the GGKM commissioned Sekino Tadashi -- who was then preparing as a state scholarship student for a period of study abroad in China, India and Europe in particular--to purchase the Chinese heritage items it wished to have in its collection. Given that the decision was made while he was on a brief stay in Korea before making the journey overseas, the decision may have been affected by Sekino's proposal rather than vice versa. Records reveal that the Government-General of Korea provided Sekino with all kinds of support aimed at making his mission easier. It appointed him, for instance, as a financial officer with authority to assess the value of the targeted items and to disburse funds.
Sekino Tadashi purchased much of the collection from antique shops in the streets of Liulichang and Qianmen in Beijing. Of the total, five items were bought in the suburbs of Nanjing and Hangzhou, and four are rubbings made during the evaluation process. The collection includes such items as ancient coins and Wuping Shimen, which reflect the collector's personal taste and interest, but the great majority of the artifacts date from the Warring States Period (476-221 BCE) and the Han Dynasty (206 CE-220 CE). Of the 136 types of artifacts purchased by Sekino, 84 carry the ‘Han(漢)’ mark, although the number exceeds 90 if other items such as bronze vesselsfrom the same period are included. His preference forrelics from the Han period is confirmed by the diary he kept during his collection thereof.
His intention to fill the GGKM collection with Han artifacts seems to be connected with his academic interest in the Nangnang culture. His purchases are comparable with the excavations in the Nangnang area in terms of time periods, and forms. In 1909, Sekino Tadashi excavated an ancient tomb on the left bank of the Daedonggang River, and two more the following year. Initially he regarded the three tombs as Goguryeo relics, but he changed his opinion in 1914. Thereafter he regarded himself as the discoverer of the Nangnang culture, and played a key role in excavating the Nangnang tombs located south of the river. The excavation took place as part of the First Survey of the Archaeological Sites launched in 1916 with the support of the Japanese colonial authority. For Sekino Tadashi, the collection of ancient Chinese artifacts was an extension of his individual research activities, including excavations on the Korean Peninsula, for which he made the most of the Japanese colonial organizations.
Sekino believed that Nangnang was the start of culture on the Korean Peninsula and, accordingly, asserted that the GGKM should purchase Chinese artifacts of the Han Dynasty in order to use them as reference materials with the aim of deepening their understanding of the Nangnang culture. For him, the plan devised in 1918 by the Government-General of Korea to purchase ancient artifacts for its museum was a fine opportunity to achieve his goal. This means that the ancient Chinese artifacts collected by the GGKM were intended for use as reference materials to explain the Nangnang culture rather than ancient Chinese culture in general. Sekino's intention was reflected in the exhibition of the collection as well as in the process of collection. The GGKM used one of the eight exhibition cabinets in the Fourth Room to display Sekino's collection of ancient Chinese artifacts and the other seven for the exhibition of Nangnang and Daebang artifacts. The layout was intended to highlight the similarities between the Nangnang and Han artifacts.
Consequently, the purchase of these ancient Chinese artifacts by the Government-General of Korea in 1918 now providesus with a fine opportunity to shed light on the relationship between the bureaucracy of the Japanese colonial government and a young scholar who graduated from an imperial university. It al

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 들어가며
• Ⅱ. 구입 관련 문서의 분석
• Ⅲ. 구입 과정
• Ⅳ. 구입품 품목
• Ⅴ. 나오며

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 關野貞, "樂浪帶方兩郡の遺蹟及遺物" 雄山閣 1-2, 1931

2 장자성, "근세 백년 중국문물유실사" 인간사랑 338-, 2014

3 정인성, "關野貞의 낙랑유적 조사 ？ 연구 재검토 - 일제강점기「古蹟調査」의 기억 1 -" 호남고고학회 24 : 139-156, 2006

4 關野貞硏究會, "關野貞日記" 中央公論美術出版 2009

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6 拙稿, "東洋을 수집하다" 국립중앙박물관 193-195, 2014

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10 關野貞, "支那の建築と藝術" 岩波書店 402-403, 1938

11 "彙報: 朝鮮大同江附近 に於ける樂浪時代の遺蹟遺物" 7 (7): 233-, 1916

12 "大正7-9年度朝鮮總督府施政年報"

13 "大正10年度朝鮮總督府施政年報"

14 오영찬, "國立中央博物館 所藏 樂浪古墳 資料와 硏究現況" 한국고대사학회 34 : 41-70, 2004

15 未脱銅臭斎, "和漢古錢通" 朝陽舎 13-, 1916

16 化蝶園, "和漢古錢價格便覽" 朝陽舎 12-13, 1916