LTE backhaul : planning and optimization

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of Contributors = xi
• Foreword = xiii
• Acknowledgments = xv
• List of Abbreviations = xvii
• 1 Introduction / Esa Markus Metsälä ; Juha T.T. Salmelin = 1
• 1.1 To the Reader = 1
• 1.2 Content = 2
• 1.3 Scope = 2
• Reference = 2
• 2 LTE Backhaul / Gerald Bedürftig ; Jouko Kapanen ; Esa Markus Metsälä ; Juha T.T. Salmelin = 3
• 2.1 Introduction = 3
• 2.2 LTE Backhaul Planes = 5
• 2.2.1 3GPP Planes and Protocol Stacks = 5
• 2.2.2 Synchronization Plane = 7
• 2.2.3 Management Plane = 9
• 2.2.4 Active Monitoring Plane = 9
• 2.2.5 Security Control Plane = 10
• 2.2.6 Control and User Plane of Additional Proprietary Applications = 10
• 2.3 Radio Features of LTE and LTE-A = 11
• 2.3.1 LTE = 11
• 2.3.2 LTE-A = 12
• 2.4 Requirements for LTE Backhaul(SLAs) = 17
• 2.4.1 Capacity = 17
• 2.4.2 Latency and Loss = 18
• 2.4.3 QoS Capabilities = 21
• 2.4.4 Synchronization = 21
• 2.4.5 Availability = 22
• 2.4.6 Security = 22
• 2.4.7 Examples = 23
• 2.5 Transport Services = 26
• 2.6 Planning Problems = 27
• 2.7 LTE Backhaul Technologies = 29
• 2.7.1 Access = 30
• 2.7.2 Aggregation and Backbone Network = 34
• 2.8 Small Cell Backhaul = 34
• 2.9 Future Radio Features Affecting Backhaul = 35
• 2.9.1 Inter NodeB CoMP(eCoMP) = 35
• 2.9.2 Dual Connectivity = 36
• 2.9.3 Dynamic eICIC = 38
• 2.10 Related Standards and Industry Forums = 39
• 2.10.1 3GPP = 39
• 2.10.2 ITU-T SG15 = 40
• 2.10.3 IEEE 802 = 40
• 2.10.4 IETF = 40
• 2.10.5 MRF = 40
• 2.10.6 NGMN = 41
• 2.10.7 BBF = 41
• 2.10.8 SCF = 41
• 2.11 Operator Example = 42
• References = 42
• 3 Economic Modeling and Strategic Input for LTE Backhaul / Gabriel Waller ; Esa Markus Metsälä = 45
• 3.1 Introduction = 45
• 3.1.1 Role of Backhaul Within LTE = 46
• 3.1.2 Why and What to Model = 48
• 3.2 Strategic Input for Planning = 49
• 3.2.1 Physical Infrastructure = 49
• 3.2.2 Transmission Media = 50
• 3.2.3 Capacity and Interfaces = 50
• 3.2.4 Network Technologies = 51
• 3.2.5 Network Topology = 51
• 3.2.6 Make or Buy = 51
• 3.2.7 Backhaul Security Aspects = 52
• 3.3 Quantifying Benefits = 53
• 3.3.1 Revenue from LTE Backhaul = 53
• 3.3.2 Contribution to Mobile Service Revenue = 54
• 3.3.3 Cost Savings = 54
• 3.4 Quantifying Costs = 55
• 3.4.1 Equipment Purchases = 55
• 3.4.2 Economic Lifetime = 55
• 3.4.3 Operational Costs = 56
• 3.4.4 Other Costs = 57
• 3.5 Case Router = 58
• 3.5.1 Cash Flow = 58
• 3.5.2 Payback Period = 59
• 3.5.3 Net Present Value(NPV) = 61
• 3.5.4 Selection of the Interest Rate = 63
• 3.5.5 Internal Rate of Return = 64
• 3.5.6 Return on Investment and Further Metrics = 64
• 3.6 Wireless Backhaul Case Study = 66
• 3.6.1 Case Definition = 66
• 3.6.2 Payback Period = 68
• 3.6.3 NPV = 69
• References = 70
• Further Reading = 71
• 4 Dimensioning Aspects and Analytical Models of LTE MBH Networks / Csaba Vulkán ; Juha T.T. Salmelin = 73
• 4.1 Introduction = 73
• 4.2 Dimensioning Paradigm = 76
• 4.3 Applications and QoE : Considerations = 78
• 4.3.1 Transmission Control Protocol = 79
• 4.3.2 Web Browsing = 83
• 4.3.3 Video Download = 85
• 4.4 Dimensioning Requirements = 87
• 4.5 Traffic Models = 88
• 4.5.1 Peak Load or Busy Hour Load = 92
• 4.5.2 Geographic Diversity and Daily Load Profile／Distribution = 93
• 4.5.3 Session Level User Behavior = 95
• 4.5.4 Burst Level User Behavior = 99
• 4.5.5 Packet Level Behavior = 102
• 4.5.6 Transmission Control Protocol Models = 106
• 4.6 Network Models = 112
• 4.6.1 Queuing Methods = 113
• 4.6.2 Fluid Network Models = 117
• 4.6.3 Network Model = 118
• 4.6.4 Routing and Requirement Allocations = 119
• 4.7 Dimensioning = 122
• 4.7.1 QoS-Driven Dimensioning = 122
• 4.7.2 Reliability Requirement Based Dimensioning = 124
• References = 127
• 5 Planning and Optimizing Mobile Backhaul for LTE / Raija Lilius ; Jari Salo ; José Manuel Tapia Pérez ; Esa Markus Metsälä = 129
• 5.1 Introduction = 129
• 5.1.1 Planning and Optimization Process = 130
• 5.1.2 High-Level Design Overview = 131
• 5.2 Backhaul Network Deployment Scenarios = 132
• 5.2.1 Connectivity Requirements = 132
• 5.2.2 Differences Between Ethernet and IP Connectivity = 133
• 5.2.3 Implications to Backhaul Scenarios = 134
• 5.2.4 Ethernet Services = 134
• 5.2.5 L3 VPN Service = 136
• 5.2.6 Scenario 1 : IP Access = 137
• 5.2.7 Scenario 2 : Ethernet Service in the Access = 137
• 5.3 Network Topology and Transport Media = 138
• 5.3.1 Access Network Topologies and Media = 138
• 5.3.2 Aggregation Network Topologies = 139
• 5.4 Availability and Resiliency Schemes = 139
• 5.4.1 Availability Calculation = 140
• 5.4.2 Link Resiliency and its Impact on Availability = 141
• 5.4.3 Routing Gateway Redundancy = 144
• 5.4.4 Ethernet Ring Protection(ERP) = 147
• 5.4.5 IP and MPLS Rerouting = 148
• 5.4.6 SCTP Multi-Homing = 149
• 5.4.7 Connectivity Toward Multiple S-GWs and MMEs = 149
• 5.4.8 Synchronization Protection = 150
• 5.4.9 OSS Resiliency = 150
• 5.4.10 End-to-End Performance of Multilayer Redundancy = 151
• 5.5 QoS Planning = 152
• 5.5.1 QoS in an Access Transport Node = 152
• 5.5.2 Packet Classification = 153
• 5.5.3 Scheduling = 156
• 5.5.4 Traffic Shaping = 158
• 5.5.5 Active Queue Management and Bufferbloat = 160
• 5.5.6 Connection Admission Control = 161
• 5.6 Link Bandwidth Dimensioning = 163
• 5.6.1 Obtaining Input Parameters for User Plane Bandwidth Dimensioning = 164
• 5.6.2 Obtaining Input Parameters for Control Plane Bandwidth Dimensioning = 169
• 5.6.3 Link Bandwidth Dimensioning : Single Queue = 172
• 5.6.4 Link Bandwidth Dimensioning : Multiple Queues = 180
• 5.6.5 Combining Signaling, Voice and Data Traffic = 183
• 5.6.6 Comparison of Bandwidth Dimensioning Formulas = 186
• 5.7 Dimensioning Other Traffic Types = 187
• 5.7.1 Management Traffic = 187
• 5.7.2 Synchronization Traffic = 187
• 5.7.3 Other Traffic Types = 188
• 5.8 Base Station Site Solutions = 188
• 5.9 Security Solutions = 189
• 5.9.1 Network Element Hardening = 190
• 5.9.2 Network Security High-Level Architecture = 190
• 5.9.3 Security Gateway High Availability = 192
• 5.9.4 IPsec Parameter Planning = 196
• 5.9.5 Public Key Infrastructure(PKI) = 201
• 5.9.6 Self-Organizing Networks(SONs) and Security = 203
• 5.10 IP Planning = 203
• 5.10.1 IP Addressing Alternatives for eNB = 204
• 5.10.2 VLAN Planning = 206
• 5.10.3 IP Addressing = 208
• 5.10.4 Dynamic Versus Static Routing = 211
• 5.10.5 Examples = 211
• 5.11 Synchronization Planning = 214
• 5.11.1 Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) = 215
• 5.11.2 Synchronous Ethernet(SyncE) = 215
• 5.11.3 IEEE1588 (2008) Frequency Synchronization = 218
• 5.11.4 IEEE1588 (2008) Phase Synchronization = 222
• 5.12 Self-Organizing Networks(SON) and Management System Connectivity = 226
• 5.12.1 Planning for SON = 226
• 5.12.2 Data Communications Network(DCN) Planning for Transport Network and the Base Stations = 227
• 5.13 LTE Backhaul Optimization = 227
• 5.13.1 Introduction to LTE Backhaul Optimization = 227
• 5.13.2 Proactive Methods = 228
• 5.13.3 Reactive Methods = 231
• 5.13.4 Active vs. Passive Methods = 232
• References = 236
• 6 Design Examples / Jari Salo ; Esa Markus Metsälä = 239
• 6.1 Introduction = 239
• 6.2 Scenario＃1 : Microwave = 239
• 6.2.1 Synchronization = 240
• 6.2.2 IP Planning = 242
• 6.2.3 Availability = 245
• 6.3 Scenario＃2 : Leased Line = 254
• 6.3.1 Assumptions for the Use Case = 254
• 6.3.2 Comparing Transport Providers = 254
• 6.3.3 The Solution Summary = 258
• Reference = 258
• 7 Network Management / Raimo Kangas ; Esa Markus Metsälä = 259
• 7.1 Introduction = 259
• 7.2 NMS Architecture = 260
• 7.3 Fault Management = 262
• 7.4 Performance Management = 263
• 7.5 Configuration Management(CM) = 263
• 7.5.1 Maintaining an Up-to-Date Picture of the Network = 264
• 7.5.2 Configuration History = 264
• 7.5.3 Configuring Network = 265
• 7.5.4 Policy-Based Configuration Management = 265
• 7.5.5 Planning Interfaces = 266
• 7.5.6 Network Configuration Discovery = 267
• 7.5.7 Configuration Management of Backhaul Network = 267
• 7.6 Optimization = 268
• 7.7 Self-Organizing Network(SON) = 270
• 7.8 O＆M Protocols = 272
• 7.8.1 SNMP = 273
• 7.8.2 NETCONF = 275
• 7.9 Planning of Network Management System = 275
• 7.9.1 Strategic Planning = 276
• 7.9.2 Analysis = 276
• 7.9.3 Design = 277
• 7.9.4 Implementation = 278
• 7.9.5 Maintenance = 278
• References = 278
• 8 Summary / Esa Markus Metsälä ; Juha T.T. Salmelin = 279
• Index = 281