唐宋时期假设连词“要、若要”研究 -兼论“要”的语法化 = A Study on the Hypothetical Conjunctions ‘YAO(要)’ and ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ in Tang and Song Dynasties -concurrently discussing the process of grammaticalization of ‘YAO(要)’

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

As we know, ‘YAO(要)’ and ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ are hypothetical conjunctions which are used frequently in Modern Chinese. Although there are much study on hypothetical conjunctions ‘YAO(要)’ and ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ in the field of Modern Chinese grammar, there are few research result on the emergence of the hypothetical conjunction ‘YAO(要)’ and the grammaticalization process. Based on this, this paper studies Chinese hypothetical conditional sentences firstly, and then the use of hypothetical conjunctions ‘YAO(要)’ and ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ in Tang and Song dynasties, and analyzes the evolution process and evolution path of ‘YAO(要)’ by using construction grammar. The literature that are selected in this paper are as follows: Dunhuangbianwen(敦煌变文), ZutangJi(祖堂集) and Zhuziyulei(朱子语类). The study results are as follows: First, Chinese hypothetical conditional sentences are ‘hypotheticality’ and ‘event dependency’. The word ‘hypotheticality’ means events discussed in complement clauses are unreal. ‘event dependency’ means that complement clauses can not appear by themselves, as on the syntax level, they can only from a whole sentence when combined with a main clause.
Second, the semantics of Chinese hypothetical conditional sentences does not rely on the emergence of signs. Instead it lies in their sentence structure. That means there is a semantic relationship of [S1(conditional), S2(Result)] between the complement clauses and the main clauses of Chinese hypothetical conditional sentences.
Third, Although the conjunctions ‘YAO(要)’ and ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ appeared simultaneously in Tang and Song dynasties, the frequency that is used of ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ was higher than that of ‘YAO(要)’ at that time.
Fourth, From Tang dynasty to Qing dynasty, the use frequency of the conjunctions ‘YAO(要)’ tended to increase gradually, while the use of ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ declined gradually. In the Qing Dynasty, the frequency of ‘YAO(要)’ was much higher than ‘RUOYAO(若要)’.
Fifth, As for the evolution of ‘YAO(要)’, from the perspective of constructional grammar, when the modal auxiliary verbs ‘YAO(要)’ appears in the first clause of the complex sentence and the subject does not appear, the position of ‘YAO(要)’ is the same as that of the hypothetical conjunction. If the semantic relationship between the two clauses in a complex sentence is [conditional-result], ‘YAO(要)’ can be transformed into a hypothetical conjunction through reanalysis of grammar.

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