항공사 전략적 제휴 진화에 관한 문헌 연구 = A Study on the Evolution of Airline Strategic Alliances

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

After deregulation, airlines formulate strategic alliances to acquire competitive advantage in the market.
Such strategic alliances have evolved form from dyadic code-sharing to global alliances and strategic merger and acquisition (M&A) among airlines. However, as a way to increase the efficiency of cooperation and strategic flexibility, strategic alliance among airlines has also developed the form of joint-venture that incorporates all operation routines in individual route. This study reviews and critiques research on strategic alliances among airlines. We reviewed 56 academic papers published from 2000 to 2017 including codesharing, global alliances, airline M&A, and airline joint venture as a key word. We categorized the reviewed academic papers by two criteria: the forms of strategic alliance and main themes of strategic alliance. In terms of the forms of strategic alliance, 26% of the reviewed papers discuss code-sharing, 48% for global alliances, 13% for airline M&A and 13% for joint venture subsequently. In terms of main theme, 21% of the reviewed paper examine regulation policies, 32% for the performances of airlines and alliances, 10% for air-fare, and 29% for the strategies of airlines. Based on the literature review, this study summarizes three things: first, out of 15 reviewed papers related to code-sharing, 11 papers (74%) are related to the performance and output of airlines or air-fare. Second, out of 27 papers related to global alliances, relatively small number of papers (11%) are related to air fare while 30%, 26% and 22% are related to the performance and output of strategic alliance, competitive strategy, and regulation policies subsequently. Third, 7 papers discuss M&A of airlines, out of which 3 papers examine the performances of airlines and alliances and other 3 papers discuss the strategies of airlines. Lastly, among 7 papers related to joint venture among airlines, most papers (4 out of 7) investigate the effect of regulation policies. it is caused by the fact that joint ventures are heavily determined by the government regulation policies. Comparing the research method, quantitative research methods are mostly adopted in the study of code-sharing and global alliances, while qualitative research methods are usually adopted in the study of M&A and joint venture. The lack of studies on joint venture among airlines is caused by the tendency that academic research is often investigated after the real phenomenon has been evolved. As a hybrid strategy between conventional strategic alliance and M&A, joint venture is rising as an attractive option among airlines. That is, joint venture compromises the disadvantages of conventional strategic alliances and M&A while conventional strategic alliance is arms-length contract, M&A disrupts the boundary of organization. Accordingly, more academic research is expected as the joint venture among airlines evolves in business.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

항공산업 규제 완화 이후 항공사들은 경쟁우위를 확보하기 위해 지속적으로 전략적 제휴를 진행하고 있다. 항공사의 전략적 제휴는 양자 간 좌석공유(code share)에서 글로벌 동맹체(global alliance)로발전하였으며 전략적 인수합병도 부분적으로 이루어졌다. 그러나 협력의 효과성은 높이면서 전략적유연성을 확보하는 새로운 방식으로 개별 노선 내에서 모든 운영을 통합하는 조인트벤처가 등장하고있다. 본 연구에서는 항공사의 전략적 제휴 진화 과정에 대한 학술적 연구 흐름을 문헌고찰 방식으로정리하였다. 이를 위해 2000년부터 2017년까지 code share, airline alliance, airline M&A, airline joint venture를 주제어로 항공산업과 관련된 주요 해외 학술지 논문들을 구글 스칼라로 탐색하였다. 본 연구의 대상이 된 논문은 총 56편이다. 이를 전략 유형으로 구분하면, 좌석공유(26%), 글로벌 동맹체(48%), 인수합병(13%), 조인트벤처(13%)의 분포였고, 주제별로 구분하면 규제정책(21%), 항공사 및 제휴사의성과(32%), 항공사 운임(10%), 항공사 전략(29%)이었다. 첫째, 좌석 공유 분야의 15편 논문은 ‘항공사성과’와 ‘항공사 운임’을 주제로 연구로 한 연구가 11편(74%)으로 다수를 차지했다. 둘째, 글로벌 동맹체 관련 27편의 논문은 항공사 및 제휴 성과 8편(30%), 항공사 전략 7편(26%), 규제정책이 6편(22%)으로 다수를 차지했고, 항공사 운임은 3편(11%)으로 상대적으로 부족했다. 셋째, 인수합병과 관련된 논문은 7편으로 상대적으로 적었는데, 항공사 성과 3편, 항공사 전략 3편이었다. 마지막으로 조인트벤처에 관한 연구는 7편인데, 규제정책 관련 논문이 4편으로 가장 많았다. 이는 조인트벤처 자체가 정부의규제가 적용되면 성립하기 어렵기 때문이다. 연구방법론으로 비교해 보면, 좌석공유와 글로벌 동맹체관련 연구는 주로 실증연구를 중심으로 이루어졌고, 인수합병이나 조인트벤처 연구는 사례연구의 비중이 높았다. 항공사 전략적 제휴 진화의 가장 마지막 단계인 조인트벤처에 관한 연구가 다소 미미한것은 학술논문이 현상을 뒤따르는 경향이 있기 때문이다. 전통적인 제휴와 인수합병의 중간 형태인 하이브리드형 전략인 조인트벤처는 항공사의 새로운 전략적 선택으로 부상하고 있다. 즉, 제휴는 한시적인 협력전략이고, 인수합병은 본체를 상실하는 극단적인 결합전략이기 때문에 두 가지 유형의 장점을혼합하는 협력전략으로 조인트벤처에 관한 관심이 높아지고 있는 것이다. 따라서 향후 현실에서의 제휴 진화와 더불어 학술연구에서도 조인트벤처에 관한 연구가 활발해질 것으로 기대된다.

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