Empirical foundations of psychology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = ⅶ
• 1. INTRODUCTION
• Ⅰ The subject matter of psychology = 1
• Ⅱ The historical perspective in psychology = 4
• Ⅲ The methods of psychology = 7
• Ⅳ Physiology and psychology : A preliminary consideration of their relationship = 9
• 2. HEREDITY AND PSYCHOLOGY
• Ⅰ The nature of heredity = 15
• Ⅱ The fallacy of the "same environment" = 17
• Ⅲ Are shape and size inherited? = 19
• Ⅳ "Behavior" in not inherited = 20
• Ⅴ What has heredity to do with psychology? = 21
• Ⅵ The place of sex in the study of psychology = 29
• Ⅶ Physiological sexual reactions versus sexual behavior = 30
• Ⅷ How the newly hatched loggerhead turtle finds its way to the sea = 41
• Ⅸ The nest making and provisioning of the solitary wasp = 45
• Ⅹ The eff-laying and mating reactions of the Chinese silkworm moth = 46
• XI Experiments on bird navigation = 49
• XII Do buzzards inherit an instinct to fly? = 54
• 3. THE REACTIONAL BIOGRAPHY : THE PSYCHOLOGICAL LIFE HISTORY OF ORGANISMS
• Ⅰ Introduction = 57
• Ⅱ Reactional biography and maturation = 58
• Ⅲ The conditioning of the human fetus in utero = 61
• Ⅳ Extreme social isolation of a child = 66
• Ⅴ The case of Isabelle = 70
• Ⅵ Factors influencing sexual behavior in the human organism = 74
• Ⅶ An experiment to compare the reactional development of an ape and a child = 75
• 4. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORGANISM AND EARLY ACQUISITION OF BEHAVIOR
• Ⅰ Introduction = 87
• Ⅱ The elaboration of the organism = 88
• Ⅲ Random behavior is transitional = 96
• Ⅳ Color discriminations show progressive elaboration = 99
• Ⅴ Mechanisms of early infant feeding = 103
• Ⅵ Reactions of the infant to pinprick = 105
• Ⅶ Use of the stick as a tool by young chimpanzees = 106
• 5 BASIC PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR
• Ⅰ Introduction = 109
• Ⅱ The family and personality development = 109
• Ⅲ Speech patterns and cultural conditions = 111
• Ⅳ The development of handedness patterns in young children = 113
• Ⅴ Children who walk on all fours = 117
• 6 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
• Ⅰ The social psychological response = 120
• Ⅱ Culture = 123
• Ⅲ Food : The story of coffee = 124
• Ⅳ Dress and fashion : White man's fashions = 125
• Ⅴ Superstitions of school children = 127
• Ⅵ Voodoo death = 138
• Ⅶ Sexual behavior and social level = 141
• Ⅷ Cultural factors in gesture = 145
• Ⅸ Folie $$\acute a$$ deux = 150
• Ⅹ Contingential responses = 155
• XI Idi$$\ddot o$$syncratic behavior = 157
• 7 PERSONALITY
• Ⅰ What is personality? = 160
• Ⅱ Normal and abnormal personality = 165
• Ⅲ A case of war neurosis = 167
• Ⅳ "Body type" and personality = 171
• Ⅴ The role of testing in personality study = 172
• Ⅵ Some techniques for personality study = 174
• 8 INTELLIGENCE
• Ⅰ The elaboration of "intelligence" = 177
• Ⅱ On the "measurement of intelligence" = 185
• Ⅲ Intelligence interactions are intermeshed with, and affected by, other behavioral events = 189
• Ⅳ An interesting case of congenital hydrocephaly = 191
• Ⅴ The home and family background of Ottawa public school children in relation to their I. Q.'s = 193
• Ⅵ Children with inferior social histories : Their mental development in adoptive homes = 196
• Ⅶ How about the Jukes and Kallikats? = 198
• Ⅷ A case of an "idiot-savant" = 200
• 9 ATTENTION
• Ⅰ Introduction = 205
• Ⅱ Classic studies of attention = 206
• Ⅲ The effect of illumination upon attention = 210
• Ⅳ A study of some organismic factors influencing attention = 212
• Ⅴ A study of first impressions = 213
• Ⅵ The distracting effect of nearby cartoons on the attention holding power of advertisements = 217
• Ⅶ Conditions of the reactional biography are important in attention = 222
• Ⅷ Set or "preparatory attention" in learning = 223
• Ⅸ "Distracting stimuli" and expenditure of energy = 225
• 10. PERCEPTION AND FACTORS WHICH AFFECT IT
• Ⅰ The nature of "perception" = 228
• Ⅱ A critical review of the literature on absolute pitch = 229
• Ⅲ A field observation of perceptual development = 236
• Ⅳ The development of visual perception in man and chimpanzee = 238
• Ⅴ Is there an image on the retina? = 241
• Ⅵ Experimental studies of illusions = 244
• Ⅶ The effect of prolonged inversion of the visual field in the rhesus monkey = 246
• Ⅷ The influence of training upon perceptual skill = 250
• Ⅸ The perception of obstacles by the blind = 253
• Ⅹ Some difficulties with "printers' errors" = 266
• 11. IMPLICIT OR "THINKING" BEHAVIORS
• Ⅰ What is "thinking"? = 268
• Ⅱ How substitute stimuli function = 275
• Ⅲ Afterimage responses = 278
• Ⅳ Examples of borderline implicit action = 281
• Ⅴ The stimulus-response relationship in dreams = 288
• Ⅵ A concrete case for Woodworth's hypothesis on the cause of dreams = 289
• Ⅶ Implicit behavior and problem solving = 296
• 12. FEELINGS
• Ⅰ The response side of affective or feeling interactions = 302
• Ⅱ Adopting patterns of anxiety = 306
• Ⅲ Stomach action in strong feelings = 307
• Ⅳ Asthma as a reaction to a life situation = 311
• Ⅴ Substitute stimuli and crime detection = 318
• Ⅵ The effect of knowledge of the situation upon judgment of emotion in facial expressions = 321
• 13. EMOTION FAILURE OF A STIMULUS-RESPONSE COORDINATION
• Ⅰ Introduction = 323
• Ⅱ Presentation of unfamiliar stimuli = 324
• Ⅲ Stimuli too numerous to permit efficient responses = 327
• Ⅳ Stimuli presented in such rapid order that organized responses are prevented = 328
• Ⅴ Presentation of ambiguous stimuli = 329
• Ⅵ Simultaneous presentation of stimuli that call for responses that are physically incompatible = 330
• Ⅶ Simultaneous presentation of stimuli that demand incompatible responses = 332
• Ⅷ Situational setting factors that may be partially responsible for distruption of behavior = 334
• Ⅸ A further example of situational setting factors in emotion = 337
• Ⅹ Epileptic behavior as an emotional interaction = 338
• XI An emotional behavioral segment as described by a newspager reporter = 341
• XII Stuttering : Recurrent speech disruption = 343
• XIII An emotional behavioral segment = 346
• XIV The startle response = 348
• 14. REMEMBERING
• Ⅰ Remembering as a form of delayed action = 351
• Ⅱ Some characteristics of delayed response : Ⅰ. Importance of the distance between the choice objects = 354
• Ⅲ Some characteristics of delayed response : Ⅱ. "Relative" and "absolute" relationships between choice objects = 357
• Ⅳ Another type of delayed response in the chimpanzee = 360
• Ⅴ an analysis of certain cues in the delayed response = 362
• Ⅵ Posthypnotic suggestions and remembering = 365
• Ⅶ Other behaviors commonly called "remembering" = 366
• Ⅷ A study of "rote memory" = 367
• Ⅸ Speed of memorizing and complexity of learning materials = 369
• Ⅹ Studies in the retention of memorized materials = 370
• XI A study in retention of human maze learning = 371
• XII The amount retained depends upon how retention is measured = 372
• 15. LEARNING
• Ⅰ Learned reactions versus what? = 373
• Ⅱ The effect of surroundings on maze learning = 374
• Ⅲ An illustration of the specificity of learning = 378
• Ⅳ Hunger and thirst as conditions influencing learning = 380
• Ⅴ A study of proactive and retroactive inhibition = 383
• Ⅵ The role of punishment in a learning situation = 385
• Ⅶ An example of conditioned learning and "sensory preconditioning" = 386
• Ⅷ Learning with and without incentive = 389
• Ⅸ The role of reinforcement in learning = 392
• Ⅹ Stimulus surroundings and effectiveness of learning = 395
• XI Does listening to the radio interfere with studying? = 396
• XII How do organisms learn? = 399
• XIII Retention = 402
• XIV Learning and the nervous system = 402
• XV Does learning occur in the brain? = 404
• 16. INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY
• Ⅰ Introduction = 408
• Ⅱ The problem of motivation = 410
• Ⅲ Hunger motivation in gastrectomized rats = 412
• Ⅳ Stimulus factors in food preference = 416
• Ⅴ Motivational factors in groups = 419
• Ⅵ Glands and sexual behavior = 421
• Ⅶ The layman's conception of the nervous system = 423
• Ⅷ Behavior and the nervous system = 425
• Ⅸ On the behavior of the lumbo-spinal dog = 429
• Ⅹ Mental changes following the removal of the right cerebral hemisphere for brain tumor = 431
• XI Aftereffects of brain injuries in war = 442
• XII Observations on a case of frontal lobectomy before and after operation = 44
• XIII How does shock therapy work in schizophrenia(also called dementia praecox)? = 446
• XIV The relationship of brain injury to psychosis = 451
• Name Index = 453
• Subject Index = 457