The methods for assessing chemical exposure levels in workplaces can be broadly divided into 'measurement' and 'estimation'. While the reliability assessment of workplace environmental measurements in South Korean lead manufacturing and handling workp...
The methods for assessing chemical exposure levels in workplaces can be broadly divided into 'measurement' and 'estimation'. While the reliability assessment of workplace environmental measurements in South Korean lead manufacturing and handling workplaces provides valuable data for objectively assessing exposure levels, there is a lack of research utilizing these results to evaluate the exposure characteristics of domestic lead-exposed workplaces. Therefore, this study collected reliability assessment results for lead exposure, evaluated exposure characteristics, and reviewed the application of the MEASE (Metal’s Estimation and Assessment of Substance Exposure) model using reliable lead measurement values.
Reports on the reliability assessment of workplace environmental measurements conducted in 2019 and 2020 at domestic lead manufacturing and handling workplaces were collected. Excluding results from workplaces that did not handle lead at the time of measurement or had undetected data, 250 measurement results were used for the study. Information on exposure situations was coded according to the input variables of MEASE, with particular emphasis on classifying process information according to the Process Category (PROC). Exposure estimates through the MEASE model were obtained for the same conditions as the collected exposure situations.
The study identified 12 PROCs for lead exposure processes. High levels of exposure exceeding exposure standards were found in 5 PROCs, with the rates of exceeding the exposure standards being 20% for PROC 24 (mechanical processing such as grinding), 18% for PROC 26 (powder handling), 16% for PROC 23 (casting), 15% for PROC 7 (spraying), and 10% for PROC 25 (welding). Additionally, comparing workplace lead measurement values with MEASE estimates and analyzing their correlation, it was found that 1.6% of the measurement values exceeded the estimates, with a weak positive correlation (r=0.381, p=0.000). When comparing the average concentration of tool estimates and lead measurement values by major exposure processes, statistically significant differences in average exposure concentrations were found in the estimates by process(F=16.82, p=0.000). Processes involving mechanical machining, treatment (PROC 24), and powder handling (PROC 26) showed relatively higher average exposure concentrations compared to high-temperature processes (PROC 23, 25). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in the average of lead measurement values, although higher values were noted in mechanical machining, treatment (PROC 24), and powder handling (PROC 26) compared to high-temperature processes.
This study classified and evaluated lead exposure data by process, identifying casting of metals containing lead (PROC 23), grinding and crushing of products containing lead such as spent batteries (PROC 24), handling of powder form lead compounds and lead-coated plates (PROC 26), and welding (PROC 25) as significant lead exposure processes. Moreover, considering the MEASE estimation results, casting processes are important for exposure management, but processes generating dust (PROC 24) or handling powder (PROC 26) also require attention. MEASE predictions for the domestic lead exposure situation were quite conservative and not highly correlated. Thus, for accurate assessment of lead exposure, higher-level exposure models or actual workplace environmental measurements may be more suitable than MEASE. Continuous research to improve the performance of exposure models is necessary, and users should be aware of the application scope and limitations of these models.