Background: Peritoneal fibrosis is one of the major causes of technical failure in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) for long period of time. Although the exact mechanisms of peritoneal damage during PD still remain unclear, epithelial-to-mesenchym...
Background: Peritoneal fibrosis is one of the major causes of technical failure in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) for long period of time. Although the exact mechanisms of peritoneal damage during PD still remain unclear, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transion (EMT) of peritoneum has been emerged as an early and reversible mechanism of peritoneal fibrosis. Therefore, it is important to find the etiologic stimuli to induce peritoneal EMT with an understanding of pathogenetic process of EMT. Recent data revealed a pro-fibrotic role of aldosterone in various organ fibrosis. Human peritoneal mesothelial cell (HPMC) is known to have its own renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), but it has not been investigated whether aldosterone induces EMT in HPMC and which mechanisms are responsible for aldosterone-induced EMT.
Method: HPMCs were isolated from human omentum. The presence of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in HPMC was identified by RT-PCR. EMT of HPMCs was evaluated by comparing the expression of epithelial cell marker, E-cadherin and mesenchymal cell marker, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) after the stimulation with aldosterone (1-100 nM) and/or spironolactone, MR antagonist. Aldosterone-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPKinases and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by Western blotting and DCF-DA staining of cells. Effect of MAPKinase inhibitors (SB20358, PD98059) or anti-oxidants [N-acetyl cystein (NAC), rotenone and apocynin] on aldosterone-induced EMT was evaluated as a potential mechanism of phenotypic transformation of HPMCs induced by aldosterone.
Results:
1)HPMC expressed human mineralocorticoid receptor.
2)Aldosterone induced EMT in cultured HPMC, expressed as a decrease in the expression of E-cadherin and an increase in the expression of α-SMA in dose- and time-dependent manner from a concentration of 10 nM and 48 hours of stimulation.
3)Spironolactone (1 μM) completely blocked aldosterone-induced EMT.
4)Aldosterone induced an activation of both ERK and p38 MAPK from 5 minutes of stimulation. PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK MAPK, attenuated aldosterone-induced EMT, however SB20358, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, did not alter the expression of E-cadherin and α-SMA induced by aldosterone.
5)Aldosterone induced oxidative stress in HPMCs, and pre-treatment of cells with NAC or rotenone ameliorated the aldosterone-induced EMT. NAC also blocked aldosterone-induced activation of ERK.
Conclusion: Aldosterone induced EMT in HPMC by MR-dependent mechanism. Aldosterone-induced generation of ROS followed by an activation of ERK played a key role in aldosterone-induced EMT of cells. Further studies will be necessary to understand the pathogenetic mechanism of aldosterone-induced EMT after ERK activation and to verify the clinical implication of inhibition of RAAS on reversing peritoneal fibrosis and preserving peritoneal membrane in patients on peritoneal dialysis.